STUDENT PROJECTS & ASSIGNMENT

28-09-2021- III PAPER ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSION


11-12-2019- STUDENT MINI GROUP PROJECTS 2019-20 BATCH-PAPER-VII  

 1. BOUQUET PREPARATION AND VASE LIFE PERIOD OF CUT FLOWERS  

                              
  
                                      
                                
                                
                                
                               
                               

185 comments:

  1. A.ANNINA TEJASWI

    DB;09

    1. Butea monosperma

    It is commonly known as flame of flowers.

    It is a mesophyte, perennial tree.

    Family; Fabaceae

    It is located infront of P.G block in botanical garden.

    2.Dalbergia latifolia

    It is commonly known as Indian Rose wood.

    It is a mesophyte perennial Woody tree

    Family: Fabaceae

    It is located in Botanical Garden in P.G. Block

    3.Pterocarpus santalinus

    It is commonly called as Red sanders

    It is a Mesophyte Perennial Woody Tree

    Family:Fabaceae

    It is located near L.B. Block

    4.Vanda roxiburghii

    It is an Epiphyte

    Family:Orchidaceae

    It is located near Controller of examination Room in Herbal Garden

    5.Bambusa arundinaceae

    It is a perennial Woody tree

    It is used in construction and making Baskets

    Family:Poaceae

    It is located in the botanical Garden in P.G.Block

    6.Santalum album

    It is commonly Known as Sandal wood

    It is a Hemi-Parasitic Plant

    Family:Santalacea

    It is located in Botanical Garden in P.G.Block

    7.Borassus flabellifer

    It is also Toddy Palm,Mesophyte

    Family:Palmae

    It is located infront of Physics Lab in Herbal Garden

    8.Cycas revoluta

    It is also called as Sago Palm,Terrestrial

    Family:Cycadacae

    It is located near Library

    9.Ravenala madagascariensis

    It is commonly called as Travellers palm,Terrestrial

    Family: Gekkonidae

    Located infront of Library

    10.Areca catechu

    It is commonly known as Beetle nut

    Family:Arecaceae

    Located infront of Library

    ReplyDelete
  2. M.AJAY-DB-7
    1)AZADIRACHTA INDICA- meliaceae family
    2)it is a perennial tree, woody, erect, ramel,cauline, cymose, pedicillate, 5 sepals,petals-5, tricarpellary, monadelphous stamens..
    3) uses- skin diseases, respiratory diseases, intestinal problems etc..

    ReplyDelete
  3. This comment has been removed by the author.

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  4. NAME:A.ANNINA TEJASWI
    ROLL NO:DB-09

    FAMILY:Fabaceae
    * Mesophyte, annual herb
    * Tap root system
    * Aerial, erect, green, herbaceous, branched, hairy, cylindrical, solid.
    * Carnile and ramal broadly elliptic, ovate or obovate, base cuneate to rounded, apex obtuse to rounded, pubescent; stipules c. 4 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, persistent.
    * Br,Ebrl,pedicel, zygomorphic,Flowers solitary, axillary; persistent; bracteoles foliaceous, auricled.
    * Calyx tube 5-7 mm long, pubescent; lobes acuminate. Petals blue or white, clawed; standard 3.5-4.3 cm long, obovate, emarginate; wings oblong, falcate, adnate to keel; keels obovate, incurved.
    * Stamens diadelphous; filaments unequal.
    * Ovary c. 7 mm long, pubescent; style curved, apex dilated. Pods 5-9 x 0.6-0.9 cm, linear, apically beaked. Seeds many, 5-7 mm long.
    **MEDICINAL USES:Part Used— Root/root bark, seeds
    It alleviates swelling and pain. It has haemostatic action hence it is ued in piles specially bleeding piles. Piles are cleaned with the decoction and the paste of whole plant is applied over it. Leaf juice is used as nasal drops in headache. Oil boiled with dhamasa is used for massage in rheumatoi4 arthritis..

    Decoction is used for gargling in stomatitis and for cleaning wounds. It prevents pus formation.

    ReplyDelete
  5. SHUBHAM LUCAS, DB-01

    1.PLANT NAME-Artabotrys odoratissimus, FAMILY- ANNONACEAE
    2.It is a perennial, woody shrub , tap root system , aromatic. leaf-ovate, lanceolate with unicostate, reticulate venation. Inflorescence-solitary, axillary. flower- trimerous , hypogynus,9 tepals arranged in 3 whorls. Fruit- apocarpous.



    ReplyDelete
    Replies

    1. Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology.NB-26

      Delete

    2. Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth, known as teratology.NB-26

      Delete
  6. U.Praveen DZ-47
    Plantname:Tridax procumbens
    mesophyte,shrub,perennial,decumbent stem,toothed leaves,head inflorescence,ray floret,pappus,nectar glands,basal placentation,cypsela.

    ReplyDelete
  7. Name:u.Praveen DZ-47
    plant:Tridox procumbens
    mesophyte,shrub,perennial,decumbent stem,toothed leaves,head inflorescence,ray floret,pappus(helps in fruit dispersal),nectar glands at the base of the corolla,basal placentation,cypsela,
    uses:antiviral,antioxidant,antibiotic,wound healing activity,insecticidal,anti inflammatory

    ReplyDelete
  8. M.V.N.SRAVYA:DZ-15
    plant:Euphorbia hirta
    Family:euphorbiaceae
    1)erect,annual herb,panatropical weed,hairy red coluredstem,cauline,ramele,stipulate,petiolate,opposite superposed
    2)axillary cyme,unisexual,pedicellate,white,bracteate,ebractelate,incomplete,
    androecium infinite,hypogynous,axile placentation
    Uses:cure bronchitis,veneral diseases,impotency,diarrhea,mouth ulcers,dandruff

    ReplyDelete
  9. Submitted to :- Dr.B.Siva Kumari Submitted by :- T.Mohan Sai Charan , DZ-54

    Semester - V

    Botany Paper - V

    Title:- Cell Biology, Genetics and Plant Breeding

    Assignment

    U- 1. Cell Biology

    1)Mesosomes & it's role
    A)Mesosomes are the infoldings of the plasma membrane in a prokaryotic cell into the cytoplasm. It also helps in the binary fisson

    2)Differences Prokaryotic Cell & Eukaryotic Cell
    A)Prokaryotic Cell:
    -Nucleus is undefined and the nuclear material is present all over the cell.Single circular chromosome present.Plasmid is present which contains extra chromosomal genes which is used in R-DNA technology.Genetic material lacks histone proteins.
    Eukaryotic Cell:
    - Nucleus is well defined and the nuclear material is bound by a nuclear membrane.Chromosomal number varies and they are of linear ,Plasmid is absent.Membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast and etc are present.Genetic material is associated with histone proteins.

    3) semi-autonomous cell organelles
    A)The mitochondria and chloroplast are known as the semi-autonomous cell organelles in a plant cell because due to their ability to undergo autocatalysis and heterocatalysis.

    4)What is a Plasmid
    A)Plasmid is the extra chromosomal DNA present in a prokaryotic cell which can replicate independently.They are small circular double stranded DNA molecules in bacteria.
    Plasmids play a major role in genetic recombinations in R-DNA technology which are of great use in science, agriculture,medicine and genetics.

    5) Euchromatin and Heterochromatin.
    A) Euchromatin: The portion in the chromosome which takes less stain and active genes are present and they take part in transcription due to their loose packing.

    Heterochromatin:. The portion in the chromosome which takes up staining darkly and inactive genes are present.This is due to methylation of the chromatin material and high coiling.


    T.Mohan Sai Charan
    DZ - 54

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR SAI CHARAN,

      GOOD, BUT NEXT TIME PUBLISH IN A PROPER WAY.

      WRITE THE FULL QUESTION

      Delete
  10. U-2 . Genetic Material

    6)Watson and Crick.
    A) Watson and Crick proposed the double helical structure of DNA molecule for which they received a Noble Prize in 1962 under Medicine.

    7)Define Nucleoside and Nucleotide.
    A).Nucleoside: It consists of a sugar molecule attached to a nitogen base Nucleotide:. It consists of a sugar molecule attached to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group.

    8).Semi-conservative method
    A).Semi-conservative mode of DNA replication was proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953.parent DNA act as a template strand and the daughter strands are newly synthesised.The new daughter DNA contain one parental DNA strand and one newly synthesised strand.

    9)DNA and RNA.
    A). DNA:
    It is a double stranded molecule acting as univeral genetic material.DNA contains deoxy ribose sugar molecule in it's structure.Udergoes autocatalysis and heterocatalysis.Contains Thymine as one of the nitogen base.
    RNA:
    It is a single stranded molecule which act as a genetic material in the absence of DNA molecule.RNA contains ribose sugar in it's structure.Undergoes translation to synthesise protein as a result of transcription by DNA.Contains Uracil instead of Thymine as nitrogen base.

    10)Types of RNA & functions.
    A)There are three types of RNA.They are _m-RNA-It is called messenger-RNA. It is transcribed from the DNA and carries the information for the protein synthesis.
    _t-RNA-It is called transfer-RNA. It has stem loop structure. It carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis and has anti-codon site which would be complementary to the mRNA sequence.
    _r-RNA- It is called ribosomal-RNA. It is the site for the synthesis of proteins. It will help in attachment of the mRNA with the ribosomes.

    T.Mohan Sai Charan
    DZ - 54

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR SAI CHARAN,

      GOOD, BUT NEXT TIME PUBLISH IN A PROPER WAY.

      WRITE THE FULL QUESTION

      Delete
  11. U-3. Mendelian Inheritance

    11)Test Cross and Back Cross.
    A).Test Cross:. The cross made between the F1 hybrid with it's recessive parent.It is done to know the homozygosity of the F1 hybrid.
    Back Cross:. The cross made between the F1 hybrid with any one of the parents.It is done in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent.

    12) Law of Dominance.
    A)Mendel's law stating that when two alleles of an inherited pair is heterozygous, then, the allele that is expressed is dominant whereas the allele that is not expressed is recessive. The expression of the dominant allele suppressing the recessive allele is termed as Law of Dominance.

    13) Second law of Mendelian Inheritance.
    A)The Law of Independant Assortment of Gametes which states that * When two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.*

    14) Complete Linkage and Incomplete Linkage.
    A)Complete Linkage: It is defined as the state in which two loci are so close together that alleles of these loci are virtually never separated by crossing over. The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated by a crossing-over event.
    Incomplete Linkage:. When the genes were loosly linked on a chromosome and show higher percentage of recombination. In such condition non parental type of gametes are formed.
    Incomplete linkage produces new combinations of the genes in the progeny due to the formation of chiasma or crossing over in between the linked genes present on homologous chromosomes.

    15) Linkage and Crossing Over.
    A).Linkage:. It is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction.
    Crossing Over:. It is the process where 2 homologous chromosome sister chromatids pair up with each other and exchange different segments of genetic material to form 2 recombinant chromosome sister chromatids.

    T.Mohan Sai Charan
    DZ - 54

    ReplyDelete
  12. U-4. Plant Breeding

    16)Plant breeding:
    A)Phenomena of development of new varieties of plants possessing desirable characters from the already existing varieties. 
    Objectives:
    Obtain high yield variety. 
    Improve quality, size, shape, colour, taste. 
    Improve disease, drought and pest resistance. 

    17)Emasculation:
    A)Removal of male sex organ without any damage to female reproductive organ. 

    18)Acclimitisation:
    A)The newly introduced varieties has to adopt or adjust itself to the changed climatic conditions. 

    19)Hybridisation:
    A)Crossing of two plants of dissimilar genotype. 
    Objectives:
    To crate genetic variation. 
    Segregation and recombination produce many new gene. 

    20) Types of chromosomal mutations:
    A).deletion:remove of small part 
    .inversion:reattachment of same chromosome
    .translocation:repetation of same gene sequence
    .nondisjunction:transfer of a part of chromosome to another
    .duplication:failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis. 

    T.Mohan Sai Charan
    DZ - 54

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR SAI CHARAN,

      GOOD, BUT NEXT TIME PUBLISH IN A PROPER WAY.

      WRITE THE FULL QUESTION

      Delete
  13. U-5. Breeding,Crop Improvement & Biotechnology

    21)Inbreeding lines:
    A)Production of offsprings from the mating of individuals that are closely related genetically. 

    22).Mutagens:
    A)The physical or chemical agent significantly increases the mutation. 
    Physical mutagens:radiation and heat 
    Chemical mutagens:basic analogs, alkylating agents, metals, deaminating agents, intercalating agents 

    23)RFLP:
    A)restriction fragment length polymorphism
    Objectives:
    Allow the transfer of novel genes from related wild species. 
    Establish genetic relationships between sexually incomparable crop plants. 

    24)RAPD:
    A)random amplified polymorphic dna
    Objectives:
    These markers are employed in the construction of genetic map. 
    Used to distinguish between variety based on difference in DNA sequence

    25)DNA markers:
    A)It is a small segment of known DNA that is used in molecular biology to identify sequence of genome in a pool of unknown DNA.

    T.Mohan Sai Charan
    DZ - 54

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR SAI CHARAN,

      GOOD, BUT NEXT TIME PUBLISH IN A PROPER WAY.

      WRITE THE FULL QUESTION

      Delete
    2. Thanks for your feedback madam.
      Next time I will publish in a proper way.

      Delete
  14. Good evening mam, this is N.Prashanth kumar NB-37 submitting my botany assignment.
    1.define embroyology? name eminent indian embryologists?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    samo of the eminent indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palaenology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. define monosporic, bisporoic, tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.bisporic type: bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined dthe names?
    A. fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. a nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.





    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR PRASANTH,
      GOOD PRESENTATION. NEXT TIME DO BETTER.

      Delete
  15. Good afternoon mam, this is N.Prashanth kumar NB-37. submitting the reamining part of my botany assignment.

    11. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    12. Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. the production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    ReplyDelete
  16. I am K.Vinod babu
    NB-59
    Submitting my botany assignment.

    1.define embroyology? name eminent indian embryologists?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    samo of the eminent indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palaenology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. define monosporic, bisporoic, tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.bisporic type: bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined dthe names?
    A. fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. a nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    11. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.


    ReplyDelete
  17. I am k.vinod babu.
    NB-59
    Submitting my remaining botany assignment.

    12. Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. the production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR VINOD
      DEAR PRASANTH,
      GOOD PRESENTATION. NEXT TIME DO BETTER.

      Delete
  18. This is M.Avinash NB-13
    Submitting my botany assignment.

    1)Define Embrology?
    A:It is the branch of Biology that deals with the "study of embryos"but in general terms it include the sex organ development,male and female gametes formation,fertilization,endosperm and embryo formation.

    2)Define Tapetum?
    A:The innermost layer that attain the level of maximum maturity during pollen-tetrad stage.It is composed of a single layer of cells and is characterised by the presence of dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.

    3)Define Endothecium.
    A:It is remarkably identified by their radially elongated structure.It is rarely multilayered and it produces "fibrous bands" which helps in time of anther dehiscence.

    4)Define Microspore?
    A:It is formed by microsporogenesis and is responsible for the development of male gametophyte .These are the results of meiosis and usually smaller in size.

    5)Define Palynology?
    A:The shape,size of microspore or pollengrain.Exine miscrosculpturing and number position character of aperture are great taxonomic importance.These are study under seperate branch called "Palynology".

    6)What is Megasporangium and mention its types.
    A:Megasporangium is a structure in angiosperm that produces female gametophytes called megaspores.It is borne in pairs at the base of scales of the cones.It is also called "ovule".
    TYPES:
    a)Orthotropous ovule
    b)Anatropous ovule
    c)Hemianatropous ovule
    d)Campylotropous ovule
    e)Amphitropous ovule
    f)Circinotropous ovule.

    7)Define Monosporic,Bisporic,Tetrasporic embryosacs.
    A:Monosporic embryosac:In this type of embryo development 3 megaspores of tetrad gets degenerate and one remain functional and forms embryosac.
    Bisporic embyrosac:When 2 megasporic nuclei takespart in the formation of embryosac.Both the nuclei are genetically different.
    tetrasporic embryosac:In this type,due to failure of cytokinesis 1 and 2 a four nucleate coenomegaspore tetrad is formed and all 4 nuclei participate in the formation of embryosac.

    8)Define Fertilization.Who coined the term "Fertilization".
    A:It is a process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gametes to produce a zygote.The term fertilization was coined by"Oscar Hertwig"(1876).

    9)Define a)"Double fetilization" or "Syngamy"and b)"Triple fusion".
    A:a)Double fertilization:It is the process in which 2 male gametes fuse with the female gamete and the secondary nucleus respectively to form the zygote and the endosperm.
    b)Triple fusion:It can be defined as the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant,giving rise to triploid nucleus called "primary endosperm nucleus"(PEN),which later develops into the endosperm.

    10)Define Endosperm and mention its types.
    A:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types.
    They are: 1)Nuclear type
    2)Cellular type
    3)Helobial type
    There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
  19. This is M.Avinash NB-13
    Submitting remaining of my botany assignment.

    10)Define Endosperm and mention its types.
    A:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types.
    They are: 1)Nuclear type
    2)Cellular type
    3)Helobial type
    There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.

    11)Define Ruminate type of endosperm.
    A:The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat,is a common condition in palms.Ruminate endosperm forms when the seed coat intrudes inward via meristematic growth.

    12)Define Helobial endosperm.
    A:This type of endosperm occurs in the order "Helobiales".In this case,first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a transverse wall.This wall divide the embryo sac into a small chalazal chamber and a large micropylar chamber.Then the nuclei in each chamber divide by free nuclear divisions.But,there are few nuclear divisions in the chalazal chamber.The endosperm in this chamber degenerate.Walls develop between nuclei in micropylar chamber.It produces cellular endosperm.

    13)Mention the differences between Dicot and Monocot embryo.
    A:Dicot embryo:An embryo with 2 cotyledons and plumule is distal.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are absent and Scutellum is also absent.
    Monocot embryo:An embryo with 1 cotyledon and plumule is lateral.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are present and scutellum is present.

    14)Define Scutellum.
    A:It is the characteristic features of monocot only.The monocot consists of a large and shield shaped cotyledon known as "Scutellum".

    15)Define Polyembyrony.
    A:The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed.

    16)Mention the objectives of "Polyembryony".
    A:Objectives of Polyembryony:
    1)To determine whether polyembryony confers a competitive advantage to V.rossicum.
    2)Assess whether this advantage,if present,is more pronounced in intra or interspecific competition, and
    3)To determine whether the competitive advantage ,if present,is proportional to the number of embryos per seed.
    Thank you Madam.

    ReplyDelete
  20. Iam s. Karuna kumari NB:46
    Submitting my botany assignment.
    1)Define embryology?
    A) It is branch of biology deals with the study of embryo but in general terms it include the sex organ development of male and female gamete formation, fertilization, endosperm and embryo formation.
    2)Difference between Dicot and monocot? A) Dicot embryo :An embryo with two cotyledons and plumule is distal coleoptile, coleorhiza, are absent.scutellum is also absent.
    Monocot embryo:An embryo with one cotyledon and plumule lateral coleoptile, coleorhiza are present scutellum is present.
    3)Define scutellum?
    A) It is the characteristics feature of monocot only. The monocot consists of large and shield shaped cotyledon is known as "scutellum "
    4)Define polyembryony?
    A) The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum (or) in a single seed.
    5)Mention the objectivies of polyembryony?
    A) objectivies of polyembryony :To determine whether polyembryony confers a competitive advance to v. Rossicum.whether in intra (or) intraspecific compitation and. They are 1.nuclear type 2.cellular type 3)Helobial type.
    6)Define ruminate type of endosperm?
    A)The condition in which the endosperm dissected by in growths of the seed coat is common condition in palms. Ruminate endosperm form when the seed coat inward viameristamatic growth is called "ruminate endosperm ".
    7)Define Helobial endosperm?
    A) This is type of endosperm occurs in the order of "helobials"in this case of first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by transverse cell. This wall is devided to embryo sac into small chalazal chamber. Than the nuclei in each chamber devided by a free nucleic divisions. The micropylar chamber produces cellular endosperm.
    8)Define double and triple fusion?
    A) Double fertilization :It is the process in which two male gamets fuse with the female gamete and the secondary nucleus respectively to form the zygote and the endosperm. Triple fusion :It can be defined as the fusion envoluing two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in seed plant, gives rise to triploid nucleus is called "Primary Endosperm Nucleus "(PEN).

    ReplyDelete
  21. I am k.mary
    NB-10
    I am submitting botany assignment
    1.define embroyology and name the eminent Indian embryologists ?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concenerd with the study of embryos and their development.samo of the eminent Indian embryologists are 1.johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) . Julius kollamann( 1834-1918) 3.Hans spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A.The Tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther,of flowering planrs,where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall.Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursor for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A.In angiosperms,the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the Endothecium probably aiding dehiscnce

    4.Define microspore?
    A.Microspore are land plant spores that develop into male gametopgtes , whereas megaspors devlop into female gametophytes.The male gametophyte gives raise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygoe.

    5.Define palaenology?
    A.Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisam in both living and fossil form.

    6.Define megasporangium? And mention types in it ?
    A.The structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megasporangium are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megasporic,bisporic ,or tetrasporic.these are the types of megaspirangium.

    7.define minosporic ,bisporic ,tetraspiric types of embryos sac ?
    A.Based on the number of megaspores , embryo sacs can be divided into three types: minosporic ,bisporic ,and tetraspiric.
    1.monospiric types: it is all known as polygonum-type embryo sac,meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores There of the megaspores,usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus,ssubsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspires.
    2.bisporic types: bisporic embryo sacs,meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division.The megaspores nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death,leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploud nuclei.
    3. Teteasporic types:in terasotic embryo sacs,cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspire.


    ReplyDelete
  22. Iam karuna kumari NB:46
    Submitting remaining of my botany assignment
    9)Define endosperm and mention it types?
    A) The endosperm are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo. An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo. The primary endosperm nucleus devides respectively. It form polyploid nutritive tissue called endosperm these are three types.
    1)nuclear type
    2)helobial type
    3)cellular type.
    10)Define fertilization? Who coined term fertilization?
    A) It is a process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gamete to produce a zygote. The term fertilization was coined by "Oscar Hertwig"(1876).
    11)Microspore?
    A) The microspore is oval (or) round contains dense cytoplasm, centrally placed nucleus. The microspore is surrounded by a stratified wall called sporoderm. The sporoderm is made up of two layers.
    1)outer exine
    2)inner exine.
    12)Endothecium?
    A) The cells of the endothecium are radially elongated and shows fibrous bands. The fibrous bands are made up of callose an arise from the inner tangential walls. Usually fibrous bands are "u"shaped.fibrous bands are absent in Htdrocharitaceae, saprophytes and cleistogamous flowers. It is single layered in coccinia double layered.
    13)Tapetum?
    A) Tapetum is the innermost layer of anther walls, and it completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue. The cells contain dense cytoplasm with prominent nuclei. Tapetum transports the nutrients to the developing sporocytes. Tapetal cells are pigmented and it is red brown in apple or violet in anemone.
    14)Define monosporic, bisporic, tetrasporic embryosac?
    A) Monosporic type of embryo sac :In the type of two divisions are followed by wall formation. It results in the formation of linear tetrads of megaspore of the four megaspore three will be degenerated and only one is functional.
    Bisporic type of embryo sac :The first meotic division of megaspore mother cell is formed by wall formation. So that two cell are formed, they are called dyad cells.
    Tetrasporic type of embryo sac :In this type, the embryo sac develops from all the four megaspore nuclei.During megasporogenisis the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis with out wall formation. There are seven types of embryo sacs.
    15)What is megasporangium? Mention their types?

    A) Megasporangium is a structure in angiosperm that produces female gametophyte called "megaspore"It is a borne in a base of scales and cones. is also called as "ovule ".
    TYPES:
    A) orthotropous ovule :It is an erect ovule. It is also called atropous ovule. In this type of micropyle, chalaza, funicle in polygoniaceae.
    B) Anatropous ovule :It is an inverted ovule. In this type of the body of the completely inverted due to unilateral growth of funicle.
    C) Hemitropous ovule:In this type of body of the ovule is completely inverted due to unilateral growth of funicle. This type of ovule is called malphigiaceae.
    D) campylotropous ovule:In this type of the body of the ovule is placed at right angles to the funicle. This type of ovule is called cappardiaceae.
    E) Amphitropous ovule:This is also called transverse ovule. In this type of the body of the ovule shows more curvature. This type of ovule called as alismaceae.
    F) circinotropous ovule :In this type of funiculus is long and completely encircles the ovule eg:plumbaginaceae.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR karuna kumari NB:46
      GOOD,
      WRITE YOUR NAME PROPERLY.

      Delete
  23. Name.Ch.Bhargavi
    Section.NB-32
    I am submitting my botany assignment.
    1.define embryology? Name eminent indian embryologist?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    Same of the eminent indian embryologists are 1.johnnes Peter Muller(1081-1858) 2.julius kollamann(1834-1918) 3.hanns spemann(1869-1941).

    2.define tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants where it is located between the sporogenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.define endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures thickinings often develops in the cell walls of the endothecium probably aiding dehiscene.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes.The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells which are used for fertilisation of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5.Define palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6.Define megasporangium?
    A. The structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing as either monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. These are the types of megasporangium.

    7.Define monosporic,bisporic, tetrasporic types of embryos?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores embyosacs are divided into three types monosporic, bishopric and tetrasporic.
    1.monosporic type:it is also known as polygonum-type embyosac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produce four haploid megaspores.Three of the megaspores usually those are at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.bisporic type:bisporic embyosacs,meiosis produces only two megaspores each containing two haploid nuclei due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropylar then the undergoes cell death, leaving the single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3.tetrasporic type: In the tetrasporic embryosacs the cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions resulting a single fournucleate megaspore.


    ReplyDelete
  24. I am K. Mary
    NB-10

    8.define the terms fertilization and synga y? And name the scientists who coined dthe names ?
    A.fertilisation:Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Whilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered Fertilisation
    Syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse Kondrshov coined the name.it considered as the modified form of the Fertilisation.

    9.Define double Fertilisation and triple fusion ?
    A.double Fertilisation : fertilization characteristics of seed plants in which one sprem nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    Triple fusion:the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the fomation of the endosperm.

    10.Define endosperm ? Mention the types in it.
    A.a ntritive tissue in seed plans formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus.Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are:1.Nuclear type.2.cellular type and 3.Helopial type.

    11.Define ruminate endosperm ?
    A. The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in growths of the seed coat,is a common condition in the plans.

    12.Dfine Helobial type of endosperm?
    A.It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types.The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis no esis but to the subseqent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos ?
    A. Monocots : 1. Contains one cotyledon
    2. Usually parallel venation
    3. Vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4.fibrous roots system is present
    5.floral Parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1.contains 2.cotyledons
    2.usually veins are network like
    3.vascular bundles are usually arranged n rings
    4.tap root system is present
    5.floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14.Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant,specialized for the absorption of food from the endsperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the frist leaf or cotyledon.

    15.Define polyembryony?
    A. The production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    ReplyDelete
  25. Name.Ch.Bhargavi
    Section.NB-32
    I am submitting my botany assignment.
    1.define embryology? Name eminent indian embryologist?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    Same of the eminent indian embryologists are 1.johnnes Peter Muller(1081-1858) 2.julius kollamann(1834-1918) 3.hanns spemann(1869-1941).

    2.define tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants where it is located between the sporogenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.define endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures thickinings often develops in the cell walls of the endothecium probably aiding dehiscene.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes.The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells which are used for fertilisation of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5.Define palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6.Define megasporangium?
    A. The structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing as either monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. These are the types of megasporangium.

    7.Define monosporic,bisporic, tetrasporic types of embryos?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores embyosacs are divided into three types monosporic, bishopric and tetrasporic.
    1.monosporic type:it is also known as polygonum-type embyosac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produce four haploid megaspores.Three of the megaspores usually those are at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.bisporic type:bisporic embyosacs,meiosis produces only two megaspores each containing two haploid nuclei due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropylar then the undergoes cell death, leaving the single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3.tetrasporic type: In the tetrasporic embryosacs the cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions resulting a single fournucleate megaspore.


    ReplyDelete
  26. I am CH.Bhargavi
    NB-32
    8.define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined dthe names?
    A. fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. a nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    11. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    ReplyDelete
  27. I am CH.Bhargavi
    NB-32
    12. Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. the production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.


    ReplyDelete
  28. Good evening mam,
    I am N.Nikhila
    NB-22
    Submitting my botany assignment.

    1.Define embroyology? Name eminent Indian embryologists?
    A.The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    some of the eminent Indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. Define monosporic, bisporoic, and tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.Monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.Bisporic type: Bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. Tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.Define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined the terms?
    A. Fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    Syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. A nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    ReplyDelete
  29. Good evening mam,
    I am N.Nikhila
    NB-22
    Submitting my botany assignment.

    1.Define embroyology? Name eminent Indian embryologists?
    A.The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    some of the eminent Indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. Define monosporic, bisporoic, and tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.Monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.Bisporic type: Bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. Tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.Define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined the terms?
    A. Fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    Syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. A nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    ReplyDelete
  30. I am N.Nikhila ,
    NB-22,
    Submitting my remaining assignment mam,

    11. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    12.Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. The production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    Thank you madam.

    ReplyDelete
  31. Good morning mam
    I am CH.Kalanjali
    NB-28
    1.define embroyology? name eminent indian embryologists?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    samo of the eminent indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. define monosporic, bisporoic, tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.bisporic type: bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined dthe names?
    A. fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
  32. I am CH.Kalanjali
    NB-28
    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. a nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    11. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    12. Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. the production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.
    Thank you mam

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR CH.Kalanjali,

      GOOD PRESENTATION. NEXT TIME DO BETTER.

      Delete
  33. This is G. Udaya sri NB-30
    Submitting my botany assignment.

    1)Define Embrology? A:It is the branch of Biology that deals with the "study of embryos"but in general terms it include the sex organ development,male and female gametes formation,fertilization,endosperm and embryo formation. 2)Define Tapetum? A:The innermost layer that attain the level of maximum maturity during pollen-tetrad stage.It is composed of a single layer of cells and is characterised by the presence of dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei. 3)Define Endothecium. A:It is remarkably identified by their radially elongated structure.It is rarely multilayered and it produces "fibrous bands" which helps in time of anther dehiscence. 4)Define Microspore? A:It is formed by microsporogenesis and is responsible for the development of male gametophyte .These are the results of meiosis and usually smaller in size. 5)Define Palynology? A:The shape,size of microspore or pollengrain.Exine miscrosculpturing and number position character of aperture are great taxonomic importance.These are study under seperate branch called "Palynology". 6)What is Megasporangium and mention its types. A:Megasporangium is a structure in angiosperm that produces female gametophytes called megaspores.It is borne in pairs at the base of scales of the cones.It is also called "ovule". TYPES: a)Orthotropous ovule b)Anatropous ovule c)Hemianatropous ovule d)Campylotropous ovule e)Amphitropous ovule f)Circinotropous ovule. 7)Define Monosporic,Bisporic,Tetrasporic embryosacs. A:Monosporic embryosac:In this type of embryo development 3 megaspores of tetrad gets degenerate and one remain functional and forms embryosac. Bisporic embyrosac:When 2 megasporic nuclei takespart in the formation of embryosac.Both the nuclei are genetically different. tetrasporic embryosac:In this type,due to failure of cytokinesis 1 and 2 a four nucleate coenomegaspore tetrad is formed and all 4 nuclei participate in the formation of embryosac. 8)Define Fertilization.Who coined the term "Fertilization". A:It is a process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gametes to produce a zygote.The term fertilization was coined by"Oscar Hertwig"(1876).

    9)Define a)"Double fetilization" or "Syngamy"and b)"Triple fusion". A:a)Double fertilization:It is the process in which 2 male gametes fuse with the female gamete and the secondary nucleus respectively to form the zygote and the endosperm. b)Triple fusion:It can be defined as the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant,giving rise to triploid nucleus called "primary endosperm nucleus"(PEN),which later develops into the endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
  34. This G. Udaya sri NB-30 submitting the remaining part of my assignment

    10)Define Endosperm and mention its types. A:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types. They are: 1)Nuclear type 2)Cellular type 3)Helobial type There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm. 11)Define Ruminate type of endosperm. A:The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat,is a common condition in palms.Ruminate endosperm forms when the seed coat intrudes inward via meristematic growth. 12)Define Helobial endosperm. A:This type of endosperm occurs in the order "Helobiales".In this case,first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a transverse wall.This wall divide the embryo sac into a small chalazal chamber and a large micropylar chamber.Then the nuclei in each chamber divide by free nuclear divisions.But,there are few nuclear divisions in the chalazal chamber.The endosperm in this chamber degenerate.Walls develop between nuclei in micropylar chamber.It produces cellular endosperm. 13)Mention the differences between Dicot and Monocot embryo. A:Dicot embryo:An embryo with 2 cotyledons and plumule is distal.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are absent and Scutellum is also absent. Monocot embryo:An embryo with 1 cotyledon and plumule is lateral.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are present and scutellum is present. 14)Define Scutellum. A:It is the characteristic features of monocot only.The monocot consists of a large and shield shaped cotyledon known as "Scutellum". 15)Define Polyembyrony. A:The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed. 16)Mention the objectives of "Polyembryony".  A:Objectives of Polyembryony: 1)To determine whether polyembryony confers a competitive advantage to V.rossicum. 2)Assess whether this advantage,if present,is more pronounced in intra or interspecific competition, and 3)To determine whether the competitive advantage ,if present,is proportional to the number of embryos per seed. Thank you Madam.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR G. Udaya sri NB-30,
      WRITE PROPERLY.

      Delete
    2. This G. Udaya sri NB-30 submitting the edited remaining part of my assignment

      10)Define Endosperm and mention its types.
      A:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types. They are: 1)Nuclear type 2)Cellular type 3)Helobial type There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.

      11)Define Ruminate type of endosperm.
      A:The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat,is a common condition in palms.Ruminate endosperm forms when the seed coat intrudes inward via meristematic growth.

      12)Define Helobial endosperm.
      A:This type of endosperm occurs in the order "Helobiales".In this case,first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a transverse wall.This wall divide the embryo sac into a small chalazal chamber and a large micropylar chamber.Then the nuclei in each chamber divide by free nuclear divisions.But,there are few nuclear divisions in the chalazal chamber.The endosperm in this chamber degenerate.Walls develop between nuclei in micropylar chamber.It produces cellular endosperm.


      13)Mention the differences between Dicot and Monocot embryo.
      A:Dicot embryo:An embryo with 2 cotyledons and plumule is distal.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are absent and Scutellum is also absent. Monocot embryo:An embryo with 1 cotyledon and plumule is lateral.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are present and scutellum is present.


      14)Define Scutellum.
      A:It is the characteristic features of monocot only.The monocot consists of a large and shield shaped cotyledon known as "Scutellum".


      15)Define Polyembyrony.
      A:The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed.


      16)Mention the objectives of "Polyembryony".
      A:Objectives of Polyembryony: 1)To determine whether polyembryony confers a competitive advantage to V.rossicum. 2)Assess whether this advantage,if present,is more pronounced in intra or interspecific competition, and 3)To determine whether the competitive advantage ,if present,is proportional to the number of embryos per seed.

      Thank you Madam

      Delete
  35. Good evening madam. I am N.Dakshyini
    NB-18 this is my botany assignment.

    1)Define Embrology? A:It is the branch of Biology that deals with the "study of embryos"but in general terms it include the sex organ development,male and female gametes formation,fertilization,endosperm and embryo formation. 2)Define Tapetum? A:The innermost layer that attain the level of maximum maturity during pollen-tetrad stage.It is composed of a single layer of cells and is characterised by the presence of dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei. 3)Define Endothecium. A:It is remarkably identified by their radially elongated structure.It is rarely multilayered and it produces "fibrous bands" which helps in time of anther dehiscence. 4)Define Microspore? A:It is formed by microsporogenesis and is responsible for the development of male gametophyte .These are the results of meiosis and usually smaller in size. 5)Define Palynology? A:The shape,size of microspore or pollengrain.Exine miscrosculpturing and number position character of aperture are great taxonomic importance.These are study under seperate branch called "Palynology". 6)What is Megasporangium and mention its types. A:Megasporangium is a structure in angiosperm that produces female gametophytes called megaspores.It is borne in pairs at the base of scales of the cones.It is also called "ovule". TYPES: a)Orthotropous ovule b)Anatropous ovule c)Hemianatropous ovule d)Campylotropous ovule e)Amphitropous ovule f)Circinotropous ovule. 7)Define Monosporic,Bisporic,Tetrasporic embryosacs. A:Monosporic embryosac:In this type of embryo development 3 megaspores of tetrad gets degenerate and one remain functional and forms embryosac. Bisporic embyrosac:When 2 megasporic nuclei takespart in the formation of embryosac.Both the nuclei are genetically different. tetrasporic embryosac:In this type,due to failure of cytokinesis 1 and 2 a four nucleate coenomegaspore tetrad is formed and all 4 nuclei participate in the formation of embryosac. 8)Define Fertilization.Who coined the term "Fertilization". A:It is a process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gametes to produce a zygote.The term fertilization was coined by"Oscar Hertwig"(1876).

    9)Define a)"Double fetilization" or "Syngamy"and b)"Triple fusion". A:a)Double fertilization:It is the process in which 2 male gametes fuse with the female gamete and the secondary nucleus respectively to form the zygote and the endosperm. b)Triple fusion:It can be defined as the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant,giving rise to triploid nucleus called "primary endosperm nucleus"(PEN),which later develops into the endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Good evening madam. I am N.Dakshyini
      NB-18 this is my botany assignment.
      1)Define Embrology?
      A:It is the branch of Biology that deals with the "study of embryos"but in general terms it include the sex organ development,male and female gametes formation,fertilization,endosperm and embryo formation.

      2)Define Tapetum?
      A:The innermost layer that attain the level of maximum maturity during pollen-tetrad stage.It is composed of a single layer of cells and is characterised by the presence of dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.

      3)Define Endothecium.
      A:It is remarkably identified by their radially elongated structure.It is rarely multilayered and it produces "fibrous bands" which helps in time of anther dehiscence.

      4)Define Microspore?
      A:It is formed by microsporogenesis and is responsible for the development of male gametophyte .These are the results of meiosis and usually smaller in size.

      A:The shape,size of microspore or pollengrain.Exine miscrosculpturing and number position character of aperture are great taxonomic importance.These are study under seperate branch called "Palynology".

      6)What is Megasporangium and mention its types.
      A:Megasporangium is a structure in angiosperm that produces female gametophytes called megaspores.It is borne in pairs at the base of scales of the cones.It is also called "ovule". TYPES: a)Orthotropous ovule
      b)Anatropous ovule
      c)Hemianatropous ovule
      d)Campylotropous ovule
      e)Amphitropous ovule
      f)Circinotropous ovule.

      7)Define Monosporic,Bisporic,Tetrasporic embryosacs.
      A:Monosporic embryosac:In this type of embryo development 3 megaspores of tetrad gets degenerate and one remain functional and forms embryosac. Bisporic embyrosac:When 2 megasporic nuclei takespart in the formation of embryosac.Both the nuclei are genetically different. tetrasporic embryosac:In this type,due to failure of cytokinesis 1 and 2 a four nucleate coenomegaspore tetrad is formed and all 4 nuclei participate in the formation of embryosac.
      8)Define Fertilization.Who coined the term "Fertilization".
      A:It is a process in sexual reproduction that involves the union of male and female gametes to produce a zygote.The term fertilization was coined by"Oscar Hertwig"(1876).

      9)Define a)"Double fetilization" or "Syngamy"and b)"Triple fusion".
      A:a)Double fertilization:It is the process in which 2 male gametes fuse with the female gamete and the secondary nucleus respectively to form the zygote and the endosperm. b)Triple fusion:It can be defined as the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant,giving rise to triploid nucleus called "primary endosperm nucleus"(PEN),which later develops into the endosperm.

      Delete
  36. Good evening madam. This is N. Dakshayini NB-18. this is the remaining part of my assignment.

    10)Define Endosperm and mention its types. A:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types. They are: 1)Nuclear type 2)Cellular type 3)Helobial type There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm. 11)Define Ruminate type of endosperm. A:The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat,is a common condition in palms.Ruminate endosperm forms when the seed coat intrudes inward via meristematic growth. 12)Define Helobial endosperm. A:This type of endosperm occurs in the order "Helobiales".In this case,first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a transverse wall.This wall divide the embryo sac into a small chalazal chamber and a large micropylar chamber.Then the nuclei in each chamber divide by free nuclear divisions.But,there are few nuclear divisions in the chalazal chamber.The endosperm in this chamber degenerate.Walls develop between nuclei in micropylar chamber.It produces cellular endosperm. 13)Mention the differences between Dicot and Monocot embryo. A:Dicot embryo:An embryo with 2 cotyledons and plumule is distal.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are absent and Scutellum is also absent. Monocot embryo:An embryo with 1 cotyledon and plumule is lateral.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are present and scutellum is present. 14)Define Scutellum. A:It is the characteristic features of monocot only.The monocot consists of a large and shield shaped cotyledon known as "Scutellum". 15)Define Polyembyrony. A:The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed. 16)Mention the objectives of "Polyembryony".  A:Objectives of Polyembryony: 1)To determine whether polyembryony confers a competitive advantage to V.rossicum. 2)Assess whether this advantage,if present,is more pronounced in intra or interspecific competition, and 3)To determine whether the competitive advantage ,if present,is proportional to the number of embryos per seed. Thank you Madam.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR N. Dakshayini NB-18,

      WRITE PROPERLY

      Delete
    2. Good evening madam. This is N. Dakshayini NB-18. this is the remaining part of my assignment.

      10)Define Endosperm and mention its types.
      A:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types. They are: 1)Nuclear type 2)Cellular type 3)Helobial type There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.

      11)Define Ruminate type of endosperm.
      A:The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat,is a common condition in palms.Ruminate endosperm forms when the seed coat intrudes inward via meristematic growth.

      12)Define Helobial endosperm.
      A:This type of endosperm occurs in the order "Helobiales".In this case,first division of primary endosperm nucleus is followed by a transverse wall.This wall divide the embryo sac into a small chalazal chamber and a large micropylar chamber.Then the nuclei in each chamber divide by free nuclear divisions.But,there are few nuclear divisions in the chalazal chamber.The endosperm in this chamber degenerate.Walls develop between nuclei in micropylar chamber.It produces cellular endosperm.

      13)Mention the differences between Dicot and Monocot embryo.
      A:Dicot embryo:An embryo with 2 cotyledons and plumule is distal.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are absent and Scutellum is also absent. Monocot embryo:An embryo with 1 cotyledon and plumule is lateral.Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are present and scutellum is present.

      14)Define Scutellum.
      A:It is the characteristic features of monocot only.The monocot consists of a large and shield shaped cotyledon known as "Scutellum".

      15)Define Polyembyrony.
      A:The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed.

      16)Mention the objectives of "Polyembryony".
      A:Objectives of Polyembryony: 1)To determine whether polyembryony confers a competitive advantage to V.rossicum. 2)Assess whether this advantage,if present,is more pronounced in intra or interspecific competition, and 3)To determine whether the competitive advantage ,if present,is proportional to the number of embryos per seed.

      Thank you Madam.

      Delete
  37. Good evening mam Iam supriya nb -40 submitting my botany assignment .
    1. Define embyology? name eminent indian embryologists?

    Ans: The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development .

    Same of the eminent Indian embryologists are:

    1.Johannes Peter muller(1801-1858)

    2.Julius kollmann (1834-1918)

    3. Hans sperma (1869-1941)

    2.Define tapetum?

    Ans: The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells within the anther , of flowering plants. where it is located between the sporangeous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains,as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define endothecium?

    Ans: In angiosperms the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures. thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium. Probably aiding dehiscene.

    4. Define microspore?

    Ans: microspore are land plant spores that develop into male gamtetophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes.The male gametophyte give rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define palynology?

    Ans: palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and y microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention the types in it ?

    Ans: the structure in certain spore bearing pants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing , as either monosporic , bisporic, tetrasporic.

    These are the three types.

    7. Define monosporic, bisporic, tetrasporic types of embryosac?

    Ans: based on the number of megaspores . embryosacs can be divided into three types :

    1. Monosporic type : it is also known as the polygonum type embryosac. Meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. three of the megaspores , usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.

    2. Bisporic type : bispore embryosacs, meisos produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei due to the absence of t cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergo programmed cell death, leaving single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.

    3. Tetrasporic type: tetrasporic embryosacs, cell plate fail to form after both meiotic divisions, results in single four nucleate. megaspore.

    ReplyDelete
  38. Good afternoon madam i am ch.pravallika nb -41 submitting my assaingment

    1define embroyology? name eminent indian embryologists?
    A.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    samo of the eminent indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. define monosporic, bisporoic, tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.bisporic type: bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined dthe names?
    A. fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR karthik venkatsai,
      WRITE YOUR NAME PROPERLY,
      WRITE ALL THE QUESTIONS PROPERLY,
      LATE SUBMISSION

      Delete
  39. I am pravallaki nb -41 submitting my assaingment

    11. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    12.Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. The production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR pravallaki nb -41,
      ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS PROPERLY
      WRITE YOUR NAME PROPERLY

      Delete
  40. Good evening mam,I am CH.Chandanamrutha,NB-52
    Submitting my botany assignment. 1.Define embroyology? Name eminent Indian embryologists?
    A.The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    some of the eminent Indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. Define monosporic, bisporoic, and tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.Monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.Bisporic type: Bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. Tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.Define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined the terms?
    A. Fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    Syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. A nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    ReplyDelete
  41. Mam,I am CH.Chandanamrutha
    NB-52,
    Submitting my remaining assignment.

    11.Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    12.Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. The production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    ReplyDelete
  42. Good evening mam,I am N.Prashanthi,
    NB-11,Submitting my botany assignment.

    1.Define embroyology? Name eminent Indian embryologists?
    A.The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    some of the eminent Indian embryologists are:1. Johannes Peter Muller(1801-1858) 2. Julius Kollmann(1834-1918) 3. Hans Spemann(1869-1941)

    2.Define Tapetum?
    A. The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    3.Define Endothecium?
    A. In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    4.Define microspore?
    A. Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    5. Define Palynology?
    A. Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms in both living and fossil form.

    6. Define megasporangium? and mention types in it?
    A. the structure in certain spore-bearing plants in which the megaspores are formed.
    Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either monosporic, bisporic, or tetrasporic. these are the types of megasporangium.

    7. Define monosporic, bisporoic, and tetrasporic types of embryo sac?
    A. Based on the number of megaspores, embryo sacs can be divided into three types: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic.
    1.Monosporic type: it is also known as Polygonum-type embryo sac, meiosis of the diploid megaspore mother cell in the nucellus produces four haploid megaspores. Three of the megaspores, usually those at the micropylar end of the nucellus, subsequently undergo programmed cell death, leaving only one functional megaspore.
    2.Bisporic type: Bisporic embryo sacs, meiosis produces only two megaspores, each containing two haploid nuclei, due to the absence of cytokinesis and cell plate formation following the second meiotic division. The megaspore nearest the micropyle then undergoes programmed cell death, leaving a single functional megaspore with two haploid nuclei.
    3. Tetrasporic type: In tetrasporic embryo sacs, cell plates fail to form after both meiotic divisions, resulting in a single four-nucleate megaspore.

    8.Define the terms fertilization and syngamy? and name the scientists who coined the terms?
    A. Fertilisation: Fertilisation is fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species. Wilhelm August Oscar Hertwig(1849-1922) discovered fertilisation
    Syngamy: a method of reproduction in which two individuals (gametes) unite permanently and their nuclei fuse.Kondrashov coined the name. it is considered as the modified form of the fertilisation.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR N.Prashanthi, NB-11
      GOOD, BUT LATE SUBMISSION

      Delete
  43. Mam,I am N.Prashanthi,NB-11,
    submitting my remaining assaignment.

    9. Define double fertilisation and triple fusion?
    A. double fertilisation: fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    triple fusion: the fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.

    10. Define endosperm? mention the types in it.
    A. A nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryo sac by division of the endosperm nucleus. Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: 1.Nuclear type. 2.Cellular type and 3.Helobial type.

    11.Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. The condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.

    12.Define Helobial type of endosperm?
    A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
    A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
    2. usually parallel venation
    3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
    4. fibrous root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
    Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
    2. usually veins are network like
    3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
    4. tap root system is present
    5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five

    14. Define scutellum?
    A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.

    15. Define polyembryony?
    A. The production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. DEAR N.Prashanthi,NB-11,
      GOOD BUT LATE SUBMISSION

      Delete
  44. Good morning mam,
    This is Nikhila,DB-22(172422).Mam I have studied all the short answers of the cluster paper

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Good Evening Mam. This is Akhilesh.M From NB Section. My Number is NB-13 Mam. I'm submitting as 10 questions mam.
      1. What is histogen theory?
      A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
      •It includes 3 zones
      - Dermatogen(epidermis)
      - Periblem(cortex)
      - Plerome(stele)

      2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
      A. • It was proposed by skimmith
      Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
      corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

      3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
      A. •A group of immature
      embryonic cells are called as
      meristens.
      • The meristems are divided
      into 3 types. They are
      - Apical meristems
      - Lateral meristems
      - Intercalary meristems

      4. What is stomata?
      A. • It is present on the epidermis
      of stems and leaves.
      • Its function is transpiration.
      • The loss of water in the form
      of vapour through stomata is
      called transpiration.

      5. What are Bulliform cells?
      A. • In monocots towards upper
      epidermis below to the
      vascular bundle enlarged or
      bulbous cells are present in
      upper epidermis are called as
      Bulliform cells.
      • These cells are useful for
      storage of water towards
      upper epidermis.

      6. What is living mechanical tissue?
      A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

      7. What is Endodermis?
      A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
      • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
      • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

      8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
      A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

      9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
      A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
      - Amphivasal type
      - Amphicribal type

      10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
      A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
      • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
      • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

      Delete
    2. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
      A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
      • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

      12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
      A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
      Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

      13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
      A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

      14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
      A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

      15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
      A. •

      16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
      A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

      17. What is micropore?
      A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

      18. What is Tapetum?
      A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

      19. What is Endothecium?
      A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

      20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
      A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
      • Orthotropous
      • Anatropous

      From:M Sarath Sai Akhilesh NB-13 Mam.2nd Part.

      Delete
    3. 21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
      A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
      • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
      • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

      22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
      A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
      - Monosporic
      - Bisporic
      - Tetrasporic

      23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
      A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
      • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
      • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

      24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
      A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

      25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
      A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
      - Nuclear endosperm
      - Cellular endosperm
      - Helobial endosperm
      From :M Sarath Sai Akhilesh NB-13 Mam. My 3rd Part Mam...
      Thank You mam.

      Delete
  45. Good morning mam,
    I'm B. Venu Gopal,
    NB-02, 202402.

    Note : Mam, It doesn't take entire 25 questions. So, I'm publishing entire questions into 3 divisions. I hope that you will understand.
    Thanks in advance.

    Division 1 : Q.No 1 to Q.No 10

    Q1. What is Histogen theory ?
    Ans : Histogen theory was proposed by Hanstein.
    ✓ It includes 3 zones
    (i) Dermatogen (Epidermis),
    (ii) Periblem (Cortex),
    (iii) Plerome (Stele)

    Q2. What is Tunica carpous theory ?
    Ans : Tunica carpus theory was proposed by skimmith.
    ✓Tunica - carpous are meant by :
    •Tunica : It is present around the cortex. As well as it divides and redivides & forms the outer most epidermis and a little cortex portion.
    •corpous : It is the central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of the cortex and the mass of tissues are called stele.

    Q3. What are meristems ? Mention the type of meristems based on their position.
    Ans : A group of immature embryonic cells are called as meritstems.
    ✓ Meristems are divided into 3 types. They are
    (i) Apical meristems,
    (ii) Lateral meristems
    (iii)Intercalary meristems

    Q4. What is stomata?
    Ans : Stomata is present on the epidermis of stems and leaves.
    ✓ Transpiration ( The loss of water in the form of vapour through stomata) is the function of stomata.

    Q5. What are Bulliform cells?
    Ans : In monocots, towards the upper epidermis and below to the vascular bundle, enlarged or bulbous cells are present in the upper epidermis are called Bulliform cells.
    ✓These are useful for storage of water towards the upper epidermis.

    Q6. What is living mechanical tissue ?
    Ans : The living tissue, which provides mechanical strength to the plants is called mechanical tissue.

    Q7. What is Endodermis ?
    Ans : Below the cortex, a barrel shaped, compactly arranged, single layered structure is present. It is called Endodermis.
    ✓ It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.
    ✓ It has some thickenings are called campaign thickening.

    Q8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles ?
    Ans : If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles.
    ✓It stores more food. Because phloem is well developed than xylem in it.

    Q9. What are concentric vascular bundles ?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.
    ✓ They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    (i)Amphivasal type, (ii) Amphicribal type

    Q10. Name the important tissues, which are present in the vascular bundles and mention their functions.
    Ans : Xylem and Phloem are the important tissues that are present in vascular bundles.
    ✓ The function of Xylem is transportation of water and minerals from the plants.
    ✓ The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  46. Good morning mam,
    I'm B.Venu Gopal,
    NB-02, 202402

    Note : I have posted 1 - 10 questions in previous or post. Remaining questions are posted here

    Division 2 : Q.No : 11 to Q.No : 20

    Q11. Distinguish b/w the normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    Ans : Secondary growth is described as the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and it causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    Whereas ;
    ✓ Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is anamolous secondary growth.

    Q12. Define the anamolous secondary growth. Give one example of monocotyledonous.
    Ans : If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    Q13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    Ans : Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    Q14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    Ans : Boerhavia shows anamolous secondary growth feature due to the presence of vascular bundles in medullary region .

    Q15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    Ans : ✓ Teak Wood
    • Scientific Name : Tectona grandis
    • Family : Mints
    • Importance : Teak's high oil content. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture and boat decks, cutting boards, indoor flooring, countertops and as a veneer for indoor finishings.

    ✓ Red sanders :
    • Scientific name : Pterocarpus santalinus
    • Family : Fabaceae
    • Importance : red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages.

    ✓ Rose wood
    • Scientific name : Santalum album
    • Family : Santalaceae
    • Importance : The wood is used for worshipping the god Shiva, and it is believed that goddess Lakshmi lives in the sandalwood tree.

    Q16. Define embryology ? Mention the eminent Indian embryologist.
    Ans : The study of embryos is nothing but the development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through the faetal stage is called as Embryology.
    ✓ Panchanan Maheshwari is the Indian eminent embryologist.

    Q17. What is micropore ?
    Ans : Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes.
    ✓Those male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    Q18. What is Tapetum?
    Ans : The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells within the anther of flowering plants.
    ✓ It is located in b/w the sporangeous tissue and the anther wall.
    ✓Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains and also as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    Q19. What is Endothecium ?
    Ans : Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    Q20. What is Megasporangium. Mention any two types.
    Ans : Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium.
    ✓ Some of the megasporangium are
    (i) Orthotropous or atropous.
    (ii) Anatropous.
    (iii) Camphylotropous.
    (iv) Amphitropous.
    (v) Hemianatropous.

    ReplyDelete
  47. Good morning mam,
    I'm B. Venu Gopal
    NB-02, 202402

    Note : I have posted 1 - 20 questions in previous post. Remaining questions are posted posted here.

    Division 3 : Q. No 21 to Q. No 25

    Q21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    Ans : Nucellus : It is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    ✓ Chalaza : Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    ✓ Micropyle : It is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of the ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    Q22. What is embryo sac? Mention the three types of embryo sac.
    Ans : Female gametophyte is called Embryo sac.
    ✓ It is of three types. They are
    (i) Monosporic ,
    (ii) Bisporic,
    (iii)Tetrasporic

    Q23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and Triple fusion.
    Ans : Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    ✓ Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    ✓ Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    Ans : Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by the growths of seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    Ans : Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    ✓ It is of three types
    (i) Nuclear endosperm,
    (ii) Cellular endosperm,
    (iii) Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  48. Good morning mam.
    This is NB21. Reg no 202421. Mam I have studied all the short answer questions in both Anatomy and Embryology.

    1.What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  49. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. • Scientific name : Tectona grandis (teak wood).
    Family : Laminaceae
    Importance : Employed for sounds and musical instruments, keys etc.
    • Scientific name : Pterocarpus santilinus (red sander)
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : Useful for treating digestive tract problems,cough,fluid retentions etc.
    • Scientific name : Dalbergia sisso (rose wwod)
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : Useful for furniture, plywood,construction and other musical instruments etc.

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm


    Name : N. Meghana
    Reg no : NB21


    ReplyDelete
  50. (1) WHAT IS HISTOGEN THEORY. ?
    (A)analysis has led to the histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen respectively.
    .
    (2) WHAT IS TUNICA CARPUS THEORY..??
    (A) The Tunica corpus theory was proposed by 'Schmidt' in 1924. This theory is relevant only to shoot apex. It is based on the plane of division of cells. According to this theory, the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers, namely, Tunica and Corpus. ... The cells divide into all planes.
    .
    (3).WHAT ARE MERISTEMS AND TYPES BASED ON POSITION..??
    (A) The meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell division.Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as apical (located at root and shoot tips), lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and intercalary (at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and leaf bases, especially of certain monocotyled. (4) WHAT IS STOMATA.????
    (A) , a stoma, also called a stomate is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the stomatal opening.
    (5).WHAT IS BULLIFORM CELLS..??
    (A) . Bulliform cells or motor cells are large, bubble-shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots. These cells are present on the upper surface of the leaf. They are generally present near the mid-vein portion of the leaf and are large, empty and colourless
    (6) WHAT ARE LIVING MECHANICAL TISSUE.??
    (A) Collenchyma is the only living tissue which provides mechanical strength and structural strength to the plants.
    (7) DEFINE ENDODERMIS..??
    (A)The endodermis is the central, innermost layer of cortex in land plants.
    (8) DIFINE BICOLLETRAL VASCULAR BUNDLE..??
    (A) Bicollateral vascular bundle: It is a special type of vascular bundle where two phloem poles separated from the central xylem
    (9) DEFINE CONCENTRIC VASCULAR BUNDLE..??
    (A)Concentric bundle is a plant vascular bundle in which- phloem surrounds xylem or xylem surrounds phloem called also amphicribral bundle and amphivasal bundle.
    (10) NAME THE IMPORTANT TISSUE PRESENT IN VASCULAR BUNDLES AND MENTION THEIR FUNCTION..??
    (A)Vascular tissue is comprised of the xylem and the phloem, the main transport systems of plants. They typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs, traversing roots, stems, and leaves. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upwards through the plant.
    NZ Ravuri Keerthana
    NZ 12

    ReplyDelete
  51. (12) DEFINE ANOMALOUS SECONDARY GROWTH GIVE ONE MONOCOT EXAMPLE.?
    (A) Anomalous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of single vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium giving rise to abnormal secondary structures called anomalous secondary growth.Bougainvillea is the example

    (13) MENTION ANAMOLOUS FEATURES IN DRACAENA ANS BOERHAVA STEM.?
    A.1.It is monocot
    2.liliaceae-Family
    3.ornamental plant
    4.plant is propagated because of variant leaves.

    (14) scientific name and family and important of tak wood red and Rose Woods ..??
    (A) ...ROSEWOOD... 1.scientific name :- Dalbergia sissoo
    Family :- Fabacea Fabacea
    Important :- decorative wood products, construction musical instruments,
    ... TEAK WOOD...
    2 scientific name:- Tectona grandis
    Family :- Lamiaceae
    Important :-Teak is employed for sound – boards of musical instruments, keys etc
    ...Rosewood.....
    3 Scientific Name:-Dalbergia sissoo
    Family:- Fabaceae
    Important:- used in making luxurious furniture, musical instruments,


    (.....EMBRYOLOGY..... )....EMBRYOLOGY..... ).... )
    (1) DEFINE EMBRYOLOGY AND FATHER OF EMBRYOLOGY.??
    (A) Embryology is a branch of science that is related to the formation, growth, and development of embryo. Karl Ernst von Baer: 1792-1876. is the father of embryology

    (2) AMINENT EMBRYOLOGIST..??
    (A) Panchanan Maheshwari was an eminent botanist specialising in plant embryology, morphology and anatomy, plant physiology and biochemistry. ... He established the International Society of Plant Morphologists in 1951, and started the international journal Phytomorphology.

    (3) DEFINE MICROSCOPE.??
    (A). A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.

    (4) what is tapetum.?
    (A) The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther,Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains.

    (5) ENDOTHECIUM.??
    (A) Endothecium, a type of tissue in anthers that leads to dehiscence.

    (6)what is megasporangium. Any two types.??
    (A) Megasporangium is the structure of a plant body which contains female reproductive organ . It can be called ovule
    Types:- orthotropous and anatropous

    (7) DEFINE NUCELLUS ?
    (A) the central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female gametophyte.

    (8) DEFINE CHALAZA .?
    (A) chalaza is the location where the nucellus attaches to the integuments, opposite the micropyle.

    ReplyDelete
  52. histogen theory
    A:itis proposed by J. Hanstein in 1060 according to thistheory they does not originate from the superifiacal cell but forms a mass of meristamtic cell


    2.tunicacarpous
    A:that was proposed by Schmidt in 1924it is based on the plan of division of cells

    3.whatare meristems mention their types based on their position
    A:itis useful for the cell division
    1.apical meristem
    2.intercallarymeristem
    3.lateralmeristem

    4.stomata
    A:stomata are the cells structure in the epidermis of tree leaves and needles that are involved in the exchange of co2 and water between the plants and atmosphere

    5.bulliformcells
    A:this are essential for water storage

    6.living mechanical tissue
    A:sclerenchyma

    7.Endodermis
    A:an inner layer of cell

    8.Bicollateral
    A:having the pholem both external and internal to the xylem

    9.concentratic region
    A:one type of tissue surrounded by another tissue

    10.name the important tissue vascular bundle present in vascular bundle mention their function
    A:a vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants the transport itself happens in the stem it consist of two forms xylem and pholem both these tissues present in the vascular bundle supporting the protective tissues






    Nz-29sirisha
    Regno-202529

    ReplyDelete
  53. 11)Define fertilization,double fertilization,triple fusion.
    A.Fertilization:The process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain. ... The process of fertilization in plants occurs when gametes in haploid conditions meet to create a zygote which is diploid.
    Double fertilization:fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    Triple fusion:Triple fusion is a process of fusion of three haploid nuclei. It takes place in the embryo sac. The pollen tube containing two male gametes enters into the ovule through the micropyle

    12 what is ruminate endosperm?
    A.Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat. 

    13.What is endosperm.Mention the types.
    A.Endosperm, tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants). In some seeds the endosperm is completely absorbed at maturity (e.g., pea and bean), and the fleshy food-storing cotyledons nourish the embryo as it germinates. ... All nutrients are stored in the enlarged cotyledons.
    Types;
    Nuclear Endosperm: It is the most common type of endosperm found.

    Cellular Endosperm: It is not very common tupe.

    Helobial Endosperm: This type of endosperm development is common in monocotyledons

    ReplyDelete
  54. 1.What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  55. Sr.Priyanka,
    Nz-07, 202507

    1.What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  56. Sr. Priyanka,
    NZ-07, 202507

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. • Scientific name : Tectona grandis (teak wood).
    Family : Laminaceae
    Importance : Employed for sounds and musical instruments, keys etc.
    • Scientific name : Pterocarpus santilinus (red sander)
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : Useful for treating digestive tract problems,cough,fluid retentions etc.
    • Scientific name : Dalbergia sisso (rose wwod)
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : Useful for furniture, plywood,construction and other musical instruments etc.

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  57. D.sharmila,
    NZ-06 202506
    1.What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  58. D.Sharmila
    NZ-06, 202506
    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. • Scientific name : Tectona grandis (teak wood).
    Family : Laminaceae
    Importance : Employed for sounds and musical instruments, keys etc.
    • Scientific name : Pterocarpus santilinus (red sander)
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : Useful for treating digestive tract problems,cough,fluid retentions etc.
    • Scientific name : Dalbergia sisso (rose wwod)
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : Useful for furniture, plywood,construction and other musical instruments etc.

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  59. C.Jyothika,
    NZ-08, 202508

    1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  60. 1.Write about Histogen theory?
    A. These theory was proposed by Hanstein in 1868.
    . Promeristem diffrentiate into three regions.
    a.DERMATOGEN-This is the single layer of the cells which gives rise to the EPIDERMIS of the stem.
    b.PERIBLEM-This region is found internal to the dermatogen
    And is the middle region of the apical meristem.
    c.PLUROME-It develops into stele

    2.Write about Tunica and corpus theory?
    A.These theory was proposed by Schmidt in 1924.
    Cental zone (corpus)
    Shoot apex-
    Tip outside(tunica)
    Tunica:It divides and form epidemis and outer cortex
    Corpus:It divides and form stele,inner cortex,pith.

    3.What are meristems?Mention the types of meristem based on position?
    A.The meristem is a type of tissue found in plants. It consists of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) capable of cell division. Cells in the meristem can develop into all the other tissues and organs that occur in plants.
    Types of meristems based on position:
    There are three types of meristem which are differentiated based on position of the meristem are apical meristem, intercalary meristem and lateral meristem. These meristems perform different activities based on their location.

    4. Write about stomata?
    A.Stomata are the tiny openings or pores in plant tissues that allow gaseous exchange. They are typically found in plant leaves or sometimes may also be found in some stems. There are various types of stomata

    5. Write about Bulliform cells?
    A.Bulliform cells or motor cells are a large, bubble-shaped epidermal cell that occurs in groups of several monocots on the upper surface of the leaves. These cells occur on the adaxial or upper leaf surface. They are typically present near the leaf's midvein portion and are seen to be big, white, and colourless.

    6.What is Living mechanical tissue??
    A.Both the ground tissues- COLLENCHYMA (living) and SCLERENCHYMA (dead) constitute the mechanical tissue of a plant.

    7.write about Endodermis?
    A.The endodermis (the innermost layer of the cortex adjacent to the pericycle) is composed of closely packed cells that have within their walls Casparian strips.
    Functions:The endodermis helps regulate the movement of water, ions and hormones into and out of the vascular system

    8.Bicolateral vascular bundle?
    A.Bicollateral vascular bundle: It is a special type of vascular bundle where two phloem poles separated from the central xylem.

    9.Concentric vascular bundles??
    A.Concentric vascular bundles are those in which one vascular element surrounds other on all sides. It is of two types - amphivasal and amphicribal. When xylem surrounds the phloem tissue from all sides the vascular bundle is called as an amphivasal vascular bundle

    10.Name the important tissues which are present in vascular bundle .Mention their functions?
    A.The two types of tissues present in vascular bundles are:
    1.Xylem: It trasports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
    2.phloem:It trasports food from leaves to all parts of the plant.

    ReplyDelete
  61. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anomalous secondary growth?
    A.Normal secondary growth:
    growth in plants that results from the activity of a cambium producing increase especially in diameter, is mainly responsible for the bulk of the plant body, and supplies protective, supporting, and conducting tissue — compare primary growth.
    Anamolous secondary growth:
    Anomalous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of single vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium giving rise to abnormal secondary structures called anomalous secondary growth.

    12.Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocot example?
    A . Anomalous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of single vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium giving rise to abnormal secondary structures called anomalous secondary growth.
    Example: Dracaena

    13.Mention anamolous secondary features in Draeaena stem.
    A.1.It is monocot
    2.liliaceae-Family
    3.ornamental plant
    4.plant is propagated because of variant leaves.

    14.Mention anamolous secondary growth features in boerhaavia stem.
    A. 1. It is dicot stem
    2.Nytaginaceae-Family
    3. herbaceous
    4.medical plant

    15.Write the scientific name ,family and important of teak ,red sandles, rosewood.
    A.Teak:
    Scientific name:Tectona grandis
    Family:Mints/ teak
    Importance:Teak is employed for sound – boards of musical instruments, keys etc. and for different grades of plywood. Wood waste in the form of wood- shavings and sawdust is used for chip-boards, fibreboards, and plastic boards. Leaves contain about 6% tannin and a dye; also used for thatching
    Red sandles:
    Scientific name:Pterocarpus santalinus
    Family:legumes
    Imp:Red sandalwood is used for treating digestive tract problems, fluid retention, and coughs; and for “blood purification.” In manufacturing, red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages
    Rose wood:
    Scientific name:Dalbergia
    Family:Fabaceace
    Imp:Indian rosewood is ranked among the finest wood for furniture, cabinet work, decorative objects, musical instruments, religious artefacts, etc. It is also a valuable, decorative wood suitable for carving and for ornamental plywood and veneers
    NZ 11

    ReplyDelete
  62. C.Jyothika
    NZ-08, 202508

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  63. UNIT 2: Embryology Of Angiosperms

    16.Define embryology. Mention the Father of Indian Embrologist?
    A.Embryology is the study of micro and mega sporogenesis, gametophyte development, fertilization development of endosperm, embryo and seed coats. embryological evidence has been used in solving the taxonomical problems at almost all levels.
    Indian Embrologist

    . Karl Ernst von Baer: 1792-1876. is the father of embryology

    17.Define microspore?
    A.microspore refers to the spore produced by sporophytes. It is haploid and gives rise to a male gametophyte.

    18.Define tapetum
    A.The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    19.Define endothecium
    A.the inner lining of a mature anther is called endothecium.
    The main function of endothecium is of production of pollen grains in anther.

    20.Megasporangium and mention any two types.
    A.The megasporangium commonly known as ovule is a small structure which is attached to the placenta with the help of a stalk called funicle. ... - At the other end of the micropyle is chalaza which represents the basal part of ovule. - Female gametophyte is also known as embryo sac and is present inside the nucellus.
    Angiosperms exhibit three patterns of megasporogenesis: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic, also known as the Polygonum type, the Alisma type, and the Drusa type, respectively.

    21.Define nucellus,chalaza,and micropyle.
    A. Nucellus:The central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female gametophyte.
    Chalaza:The tissue where the integuments and nucellus are joined
    Micropyle:A minute opening in the integument of an ovule of a seed plant.

    22. What is embryosac.mention three types of embryosac.
    A.Embroyosac:“The embryo sac or female gametophyte is an oval structure present in the ovule of flowering plants. “ An embryo sac is said to form when the haploid megaspore nucleus divides.
    Three types of embroyosac:
    1.Monosporic
    2.Bisporic
    3.Tetrasporic

    23.Define fertilization,double fertilization,triple fusion.
    A.Fertilization:The process of fusion of the female gamete, the ovum or egg and the male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain. ... The process of fertilization in plants occurs when gametes in haploid conditions meet to create a zygote which is diploid.
    Double fertilization:fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    Triple fusion:Triple fusion is a process of fusion of three haploid nuclei. It takes place in the embryo sac. The pollen tube containing two male gametes enters into the ovule through the micropyle

    24.what is ruminate endosperm?
    A.Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat. 

    25.What is endosperm.Mention the types.
    A.Endosperm, tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants). In some seeds the endosperm is completely absorbed at maturity (e.g., pea and bean), and the fleshy food-storing cotyledons nourish the embryo as it germinates. ... All nutrients are stored in the enlarged cotyledons.
    Types;
    Nuclear Endosperm: It is the most common type of endosperm found.

    Cellular Endosperm: It is not very common tupe.

    Helobial Endosperm: This type of endosperm development is common in monocotyledons

    ReplyDelete
  64. 1. Define Histogen Theory.
    A. It was proposed in 1868 by Hanstein. According to this theory, the apical meristem of the stem and root are composed of small mass cells which are all alike and are in a state of division. They further divided into three regions,Dermatogen, Periblem, Pleurome. These are the cell initiating regions.
    2. Define Tunica-carpus Theory.
    A. It was proposed in 1920 by Schimit. According to this theory there are 2 parts in Shoot Apex. Stele and inner portion of cortex derived to form "Carpus". Epidermis and a portion of outer cortex derived to form "Tunica".
    3. What are Meristems? Mention the types of Meristems based on its position.
    A. Meristem is the region of cells capable of division and growth in plants. These are typically small cells. These are three types.
    a. Apical Meristems.
    b. Lateral Meristems.
    c. Intercalary Meristems.
    4. Define stomata.
    A. Stomata is Minute pores occurs in the epidermis. These are been shaped and helps in exchange of gases from inner tissues to the outer atmosphere and the stomata is surrounded by "Guard Cells."
    5. Define Bulliform cells.
    A. These cells are enlarged and Bulbous cells. Due to the presence of this cells the function of folding and unfolding of leaves takes place. Generally these cells stores Water.
    6. Define Living Mechanical Tissue.
    A. Living Mechanical Tissue is Sclerenchyma. It is the strengthening tissue that found in plants. It consists of various kinds of various 'Woody cells'. The mature Sclerenchyma cells have a great tendency to thicken and helps in formation of the bark.
    7. Define Endodermis.
    A. It is the innermost tissue of the cortex in many roots and stems. It helps in regulated the movement of water in and out to the vascular system.
    8. Define Bicollateral region.
    A. These are present in the family Cucurbitaceae. Xylem is fully enclosed by Phloem. Phloem is well developed than Xylem.
    9. Define Concentric region.
    A. In this type the Cambium is absent and it is closed type.
    10. Name the important tissues which are present in vascular bundles mention their function.
    A. a. Epidermal Tissue system: these are outermost layer. Consists of epidermis, stomata and epidermal out growth. It is generally composed of single layer of parenchymatous cells compactly arranged without any intracellular spaces.
    b. Ground Tissue system: It arises from the ground meristem and contains 3 simple tissues they are parenchyma,Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma. It synthesizes organic compounds and provide support to the plant. In some cases, it also stores food in the form of starch.
    c. Vascular Tissue system: It is comprised of Xylem and Phloem. These are typically occur together in vascular bundles in all plant organs,transversing roots,stems, and leaves. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from roots to plant body.

    NZ - 04
    202504

    ReplyDelete
  65. 11. Distinguish Normal secondary growth from Anamolous secondary growth.
    A. Normal secondary growth: It is also known as Primary Secondary growth. The increases in length of the shoot and root is referred to primary secondary growth. It results in cell division in shoot apical meristem.
    Anamolous secondary growth: The formation of Interfasicular cambium and Intra fasicular cambium together and Cambium ring is responsible for formation of Secondary Growth tissues (I.e. Vascular bundles) is known as Anamolous secondary growth.
    12. Define Anamolous secondary growth and give one monocot plant name.
    A. The formation of interfasicular and Intra fasicular cambium and cambium ring and secondary growth tissues like Vascular bundles are known as Anamolous Secondary growth.
    Ex: Dracenia.
    13. Mention Anamolous features of Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena is a typical example of Anamolous secondary growth in monocots. Typically secondary thickening is absent in monocots. Therefore, secondary thickening is anamoly as Dracenia is a monocot. The features are Epidermis, Cork cells, pericycle and Vascar bundles.
    14. Mention Anamolous features of Boerhavia stem.
    A. The Anamolous features of Boerhavia stem are Epidermis, Cortex, Stele,pith region and Vascular bundles.
    15. Write the Scientific name, Family, and Importance of Teak wood, Red sandal and Rose wood.
    A. Teak wood: Tectona grandis.
    Family: Mints
    Importance: Used for Cutting boards, indoor flooring, Countertops and veneer for indoor finishing.
    Red sandal: Pterocarpus santalinus
    Family: Legumes
    Importance: Used for treating digestive tract problems, fluid retention and coughs, Blood purification and also used as flavoring in alcoholic beverages.
    Rose wood : Dalbergia latifolia
    Family: Fabaceae
    Importance: Used for manufacturing of Furniture, cabinet work,decorative objects,musical I instruments, etc.

    EMBRYOLOGY
    16. Define Embryology and mention the Indian Aminent Scientist.
    A. Embryology is the study of micro and mega sporogenesis,gametophyte development,fertilization development of endosperm,embryo and seed coats. The Aminent Indian Scientist was Dr. Panchanan Maheshwari.
    17. Define Microspore.
    A. It refers to the spore produced by sporophytes. It is haploid and gives rise to a male gametophyte.
    18. Define Tapetum.
    A. Tapetum is the innermost cell layering the anther, surrounds the developing pollen mother cells and supplies nutrition and enzymes required for microsporogenesis and pollen maturation.
    19. Define Endothecium.
    A. It is the fibrous layer in Angiosperms,layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of anther. As anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of endothecium ,probably aiding dehisence.
    20. Define Megasporangium and Mention any 2 types.
    A. It is a plant structure that produces megaspore.
    * The 2 types of Megasporangium are
    1. Anatropus
    2. Orthotropous.
    NZ- 04
    202504

    ReplyDelete
  66. 21. Define Ruminate Endosperm.
    A. The Endosperm which is irregularly ridged and furrowed is called Ruminate Endosperm.
    Ex: Annoonaceae, palmae, Rubiaceae. 22. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. Nucellus: The central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the Female Gametophyte.
    Chalaza: It is is a pair of spring like structures that project from the equatorial region of the vitelline membrane into the albumen and are considered to act as balancers, maintaining the yolks in a steady position.
    Micropyle: A minute opening in the integument of an ovule of a seed plant. It helps to absorb water at the time of germination of seed.
    23. What is Embryosac? Mention any 2 type.
    A. It is a female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of a thin- walled sac within the nucellus that contains the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise to endosperm on fertilization.
    24. Define Fertilization, Double Fertilization, Triple fusion.
    A. Fertilization:It is the process of fusion of female gametes, the ovum or egg and Male gamete produced in the pollen tube by the pollen grain.
    Double Fertilization: It is the fertilization characteristic of seed plants in which one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.
    Triple Fusion: The fusion of Male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus or central cell to form triploid primary endosperm is called Triple fusion.
    25. What is endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. It is the tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    Types: 1. Nuclear Endosperm.
    2. Cellular Endosperm.
    3. Helobial Endosperm.
    4. Ruminate Endosperm.


    NZ: 04
    REGD NO: 202504

    ReplyDelete
  67. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete


  68. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    ReplyDelete


  69. 21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  70. Good evening mam I'm NB 08 m.chandra harsha

    ReplyDelete
  71. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.
    By
    Mamatha pujitha ballanki
    Nz23

    ReplyDelete
  72. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    Name-P. Sampath Kumar
    Red no- 202522
    Sec- NZ22

    ReplyDelete
  73. Good evening mam
    This deepthi shoba nz.26.reg no.202526
    1.What is  histogen theory?
    A. It is a plant development  theory.  It supposees the three principles  of the roots .1.vascular cylinders
    2. Cortex
    3. Epidermis
    Histogen theory  given by  j.hanstein.


    2. What is tunica croupus theory?
    A.It was proposed  by Schmidt in 1924
    According  to this theory  short apex has Two layers
    1. Tunica
    2. Corpus
    Tunica- it is a single layer and  creates epidermis .

    3. What are meristems ?mention the types of meristem based on their position.?
    A. Meristems- they  are undifferentiated  cells which are responsible  for cell division.

    Three  types
    1. Epicalmeristems
    2. Intercalarymeristems
    3.lateral meristems
    Epical-at the tips of the stem
    Intercalary- beneath the epical meristems
    Lateral- percent at the lateral side of stem.

    4. What is stomata?
    A. Stomata is  pore located  on leaves  stems and roots  and other organism. 
    It is helpfull for gaseous exchange .
    The opening  and closing  of stomata is done by  potassium.

    5.what is buliform cells.?
    A.large and bubble shaped cells and epidermal cells. This are mostly  presnt  on monocot leaves.
    These are essential  for storing  of water.

    6. What is  living  mechanism  tissue.?
    A. Collenchyma is only living tissue.
    It provides  mechanical  and structural  strength  for plants.
    The cell wall is composed  of cellulose  and petin.

    7. What is endodermis.?
    A. It is the inner most andcentral   layer of the cortex.
    It helps in regulate the water and ions and hormone.
    It is consisting  of barrale shaped cells.

    8.what is bicolleteral vascular bundles.?
    A.In  bicolleteral vascular  bundles present  both the sides of xylem and the phoelm.
    In this all off them lies  in the same radius.
    9. What is concentric vascular  bundle.?
    A. These are vascular  bundlethose which is on the vascular component  surrounded on the all sides .it is off two types
    1. Amphivascal
    2. Amphicribral
    Ex. Ucca

    10.Name  the important  tissue  which are present  at the vascular  bundle mentions their  function.?
    A. Xylem and pholem are important  vascular  bundle.
    Xylem -  transport  the water and water soluble  nutrients
    Pholem-  transport  of the proteins and  other sugar  and other organism  in  plants.

    11.distgustish normal secondary  growth for  anomalous  secondary growth.?
    A.Normal secondary-  Is the growth  that  results  from cell  division  in the cembeum on the  Lateral  meristems and that causes  the stems and roots to thicken.
    Anomalous  secondary  growth- is an abnormal  secondary  growth doesn't  give rise to  normal single vascular  cambeum.

    12. Mention  anomalous  secondary  growth  gives one monocot  example.?
    A.liliaeceae in ucca, agave ,alou are the  anomalous  secondary  growth  in monocot.

    13. Mention the anomalous  features  of darcina stem .?
    A.the  daricna  stem shows the following  features  covered  with thick cuticles.
    Lenticell is also visible  on the epidermis.
    Hypodermis situated  below the epidermis.
    Below the epidermis  composed  of sclerenchymatous cells.

    ReplyDelete
  74. 16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm
    Name- P. Sampath Kumar
    Red no- 202522
    Sec- NZ

    ReplyDelete
  75. UNIT -1
    1.HISTOGEN THEORY ?
    A. Histogen theory was proposed by HANSTAIN. According to this theory there are three zones 1.dermatogen (giving rise to epidermis)
    2.periblem( produces cortex and endodermis)
    3.plerome (stelar region)
    2. TUNICA-CORPUS THEORY ?
    A. Proposed by SCHMIDT (1924) to describe shoot apex.according to this theory there are 2 zones 1.Tunica ( outer) and 2.corpus ( central portion).
    3. WHAT ARE MERISTEMS.MENTION THE TYPES OF MERISTEMS BASED ON POSITIONS ?
    A.Meristem is the tissue found in plants.it is the region where the division of cells occurs and promotes growth in plants.
    There are three types of MERISTEMS
    1.apical :occur in shoot and root tips.produce primary tissues
    2.intercalary : tissues present at nodal region
    3.lateral : occurs in mature regions of shoots and roots.
    4.STOMATA ?
    A. In leaves the stomata is present in upper epidermis. It is useful for transpiration. Depending upon guard cells the stomata are 2 types 1.kidney shape
    2.dumble shape
    5.BULLIFORM CELLS. ?
    A. In monocotyledons these cells are present.bulliform cells are useful for storage.and rolling and unrolling the leaf.these are present only on upper epidermis.
    6.LIVING MECHANICAL TISSUE ?
    A.Collenchyma is the only living tissue which provides mechanical strength and structural strength to the plants .They are composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls and their primary cell wall is made up of cellulose and pectin.
    7.ENDODERMIS ?
    A.Endodermis is the inner layer of cells in the cortex of root and in some stems surrounding a vascular bundles.endodermis seperate the vascular tissue system and ground tissue system.
    8.BICOLLETERAL VASCULAR BUNDLES ?
    A.Bi means two.here two cambiums are present.The xylem is poorly developed where as the phloem is well developed.
    9.CONCENTRIC VASCULAR BUNDLES ?
    A.No cambium is present.always closed.
    These are 2 types
    1.Amphicribal : phloem is present around the xylem .
    2.Amphivasal : xylem is present around the phloem.
    10.NAME THE IMPORTANT TISSUES WHICH ARE PRESENT IN VASCULAR BUNDLES.MENTION THEIR FUNCTION ?
    A. The tissues present in vascular bundles are xylem and phloem .The function of xylem are transportation of water from roots to leaves where as the function of phloem are transportation of food materials .

    ReplyDelete
  76. 11.DISTINGUISH NORMAL SECONDARY GROWTH FROM ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH ?
    A. Secondary growth is a growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken . Anamilous secondary growth is which have been grouped cambial conformations , cambial products and cambial numbers Here the single cylindical cambium produces phloem and xylem .
    12. DEFINE ANAMALOUS SECONDARY GROWTH GIVE ONE MONOCOT ?
    A. Anamolous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not gives rise to the normal pattern of single vascular cambium which forms phloem and xylem rather they posses multiple cambium giving rise to abnormal secondary structures.
    13.MENTION ANAMOLOUS FEATURES IN DRACENEA STEM ?
    A. 1.It produces more cells outerside and less cells in inner sides. Inner side cells develop into sec. Vb and some into lignified cells .
    2.conjective tissue is present around the sec. Vb
    3.one of the outer layer of cells from the ground tissue becomes meristematic and functions as cambium
    4.primary tissues are surrounded by parenchymatous tissues.
    14.MENTION ANAMOLOUS FEATURES IN BOERHAAVIA STEM ?
    A. The presence of two vascular bundles in medullary region is the anamolous feature of BOERHAAVIA
    2. Three vascular bundles are present.
    15.WRITE THE SCIENTIFIC NAME , FAMILY AND IMPORTANCE OF TIMBERS, RED SANDELS AND ROSE WOOD ?
    A. Timber:
    Scientific name: Tectona grandis
    Family: Lamiaceae
    Importance: making furniture and production of beams and planks
    Red sandel:
    Scientific name: pterocarpus santalinus
    Family: Legumes
    Importance: treating digestive problems, fluid retention and cough and blood purification
    Rose wood :
    Scientific name: Dalbergia cochinchinensis
    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : finest wood for furniture, cabinet work, decorative objects, musical instruments.
    UNIT -2
    1.DEFINE EMBRYOLOGY AND MENTION EMINENT INDIAN EMBROYOLOGIST ?
    A. Embroyology is a branch of science that is related to the formation growth and development of embryo. Panchanan Maheswari was a prominent Indian botanist noted for invention of test tube fertilization of angiosperms .
    2.MICROSCOPE :
    A. A Microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine the objects that are too small to be seen with our naked eyes.
    3.TAPETUM :
    A. The tapetum is the layer of nutritive cells found within the anther of flowering plant. It is located between sporogenous tissue and anther wall.
    4. ENDOTHECIUM :
    A. The inner layer of an mature anther is endothecium . The main function is production of pollen grains in anther .
    5.MEGASPORANGIUM AND MENTION ANY TWO TYPES ?
    A. It is the female reproductive organ. It is called as ovule . Two types are 1.orthotropous
    2.Anatropous
    6.DEFINE NUCELLUS, CHALAZA AND MICROPYLE ?
    A. Nucellus : the central part of ovule , containing the embryo sac .
    Chalaza : it is the region below micropyle region .
    Micropyle : it is the first part in ovule . Male gametes pass through majorly through this region.
    7.WHAT IS THE EMBRYO SAC . MENTION THREE TYPES OF EMBRYO SAC ?
    A. Female gametophyte is known as embryo sac is oval structure present in the ovule of a flowering plant and it is present inside the nucellus . The three types are
    1.monosporic
    2.bisporic
    3. Tetrasporic
    8.DEFINE FERTILIZATION, DOUBLE FERTILISATION AND TRIPLE FUSION ?
    A. Fertilisation : the fusion of make and female gametes
    Double fertilisation : fusion of female gamete with two male gametes .
    Triple fusion : the fusion between two polar nucleii and sperm nucleus .
    9. RUMINENT ENDOSPERM :
    A. It is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in growths of seed coat , it is a common condition in palms . This type of endosperm develop early and hence in growths are formed directly into its tissues .
    10.WHAT IS ENDOSPERM . MENTION THE TYPES ?
    A. Most common nutritive . Diploid tissue , generally it consumes by developing embryo. There are three types
    1.nuclear endosperm
    2.cellular endosperm
    3.helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  77. UNIT -3
    1.DEFINE ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM
    A. ECOLOGY: Study of relationships between organism and their environment
    ECOSYSTEM : The relationship between biotic and abiotic.
    2. WHAT ARE DECOMPOSERS . MENTION THE EXAMPLE ?
    A. Decomposers are micro orgamism present in environment which are useful for decomposition . And also called Natural scavengers . Decomposition of dead bodies . These are heterotrophs.
    3.DEFINE FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB ?
    A. Food chain : The sequence of eating and being eaten is known as food chain.
    Food web : Food web is a network of food chain where different types of organisms are connected at different tropic levels .

    ReplyDelete
  78. 14.Mention  the anomalus  features  of borchavia stem.?
    A. The epidermis  is single layer  and consists  of small radially  alongated  parenchymatous cells.
    Multicellular  epidermal has arise from some cells.
    Thick cuticle is present  on the epidermis.
    Some stomata  are also present.

    15. Write  the scientific  name  and family  and importance of teck wood ,red sandal, rose wood.?
    Teck wood
    Scientific  name- Tectona grandis
    Family-mints
    Importance-teck are oily content  and highly  tensile strengths  and tight grin make it particularly  suitable  were whether  resistance  is derived.
    Red Sandle
    Scientific  name-Pterocartus santalinus
    Family -peterocarpaceae
    Importance- the wood at the center  of the truck  is used as medical  proper.
    Rose word
    Scientific  name-Dalbergia latifolia
    Family-legumes
    Importance- is used for making  furniture  and musical  instruments  as well as rose wood oil.
    EMBRYOlOGY
    1.what is embryology? Mention aminate Indian embryologist?
    A. The branch of biology  concerned  with study of embryos and their development.
    The Indian embrologist-panchanan maheshwari.

    2.what is microscope.?
    A.piece of equipment  that  palys very small objects  look bigger  for u to be  able to see them.

    3.what  is tapatum?
    A. Tapatum Is the inner most  cell layer  in the anther which surrounds  the developing  fallen mother cells and microspores supplying  nutrition and enzymes required  for microsporogenisis and pollen maturation.

    4. What is endothecium?
    A. It Is a fibrous  layer in angiosperms
    The layer of cells  lying  Beneath the  epidemis of the  walls of the anther as the anther  matures thickenings offen develop in the cell walls off of endothelial.properbly
    Denhiscence .

    5. What is megasprongium.?mention any three types.?
    A.A plant structure  that produces

    ReplyDelete
  79. UNIT -3
    1.DEFINE ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM
    A. ECOLOGY: Study of relationships between organism and their environment
    ECOSYSTEM : The relationship between biotic and abiotic.
    2. WHAT ARE DECOMPOSERS . MENTION THE EXAMPLE ?
    A. Decomposers are micro orgamism present in environment which are useful for decomposition . And also called Natural scavengers . Decomposition of dead bodies . These are heterotrophs.
    3.DEFINE FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB ?
    A. Food chain : The sequence of eating and being eaten is known as food chain.
    Food web : Food web is a network of food chain where different types of organisms are connected at different tropic levels .

    ReplyDelete
  80. 10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. 1.Scientific name of teak wood- Tectona grandis
    Family-lamiaceae
    Importance-used in musical instruments and keys etc
    2.scientific name of red Sanders- Pterocarpus santalinus
    Family- fabaceae
    Importance-furniture and medicinal uses like antipyretic and anti inflammatory etc.
    3.scientific name of rose wood-Aniba rosaedora
    Family-fabaceae .
    Importance - furniture plywood decoration etc.

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm
    By
    Mamatha pujitha ballanki
    Nz23.

    ReplyDelete
  81. UNIT -3
    1.DEFINE ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM
    A. ECOLOGY: Study of relationships between organism and their environment
    ECOSYSTEM : The relationship between biotic and abiotic.
    2. WHAT ARE DECOMPOSERS . MENTION THE EXAMPLE ?
    A. Decomposers are micro orgamism present in environment which are useful for decomposition . And also called Natural scavengers . Decomposition of dead bodies . These are heterotrophs.
    3.DEFINE FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB ?
    A. Food chain : The sequence of eating and being eaten is known as food chain.
    Food web : Food web is a network of food chain where different types of organisms are connected at different tropic levels .
    NB- 15
    SHAIK. SHIRIN
    202415

    ReplyDelete
  82. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  83. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous
    A DHARSHAN MANOHAR
    NB-11

    ReplyDelete
  84. megaspores.  The ovule appeared to be megasporangium with integument surrounding  it. Megapores remains inside the ovule and divide my mitosis  .to produce  hapliod gametophyte or mega gemetophyte which also remains inside the ovule.
    1. Orthothropous ovule
    2. Anathropous ovule
    3. Amphitropous ovule

    6. Define nucelles, challaza, microphyle?
    A. Nacelles- the central part of an ovule containing the embryo sac in angisperms is the central  portion of the ovule.central part of the ovule in which developed  the embryo sac in some cases of apomixis cells of the nacelles developed  in to an embryo.
    Challaza-   this are a pair of spring like structures  that projected  form the equatorial region of the  vitelline membrane.
    Microphyle- a small opening  in the surface of the ovule in which pollen tube penittatres , often  visible as a small pore in the ripe seed .

    7. What is embryo  sac and mention  the three types of embryo sac.?
    A. A megaspore mother  cell or megasporophyte is a diploid cell in plants  in which meosis will occur , resulting  in the production of pore haploid mega spores  at lest one of the spores developed  in to haploid female gametophyte.the megaspores  mother cells arises megasprongium  tissue.
    Three types :
    Monosporic ,bisporic,tetarasporic

    8. Define fertilization?double  fertilization? Triple fission.?
    A. Fertilization-  fertilization  also known as generative fertilization.  Syngamy  and Impregnation , is the fission of gamates   to give rise to new individuals  organisms or offspring  and intimate its development.
    Double fertilization- it is a complex fertilization  mechanism  of flowering plants this process involves  the joining  of a female  gemetophyte  with two male gamete  it begins when a pollengrain adheres to the sigma of the Carple

    Triple fission-it involves  sperm Nucleus and two polar nuclie which occurs in double fertilization  in seed baring plant
    That results  in the endosperm formation
    One of the of the two male gamates  fuses with the nucleus  of egg cell to produce the zygote. This process is referred  to as   Syngamy.
    9.Define ruminate  endosperm.?
    A. Ruminate  endosperm  is the condition  in which endosperm  is dissected  by in growths of the seed court . Ruminate  endosperm  is formed  when the seed court intrudes inward to the young  endosperm via-metamertistamtic growth  ruminate  endosperm  is found  in the annonaceae family.

    10.what Is endosperm? And mention the types.?
    A.  The endosperm  is a tissue  produced  inside  the seeds  of the most of the flowering  plants   following  double fertilization . It id's tripled most species. Which may be auxin-deriven . It surrounds  the embryo  and provides  nutrition  in the form starch though  it can also contain  oils and proteins .
    Types:
    Nuclear  endosperm -it is a most common  type of endosperm found. Here PEN divides rapidly  by cytoainesis. It results in the formation  of free nuculie in the cell.

    Cellular  endosperm- it is a not very common  in this type of development,  division  of PEN is followed by  cytochyinesis and two called are formed  due to transverse  division Giving  rise to chalazal and micrphylar chamber.

    Helobial endosperm- this type of endosperm development  is common  in monocotiledons .   It produce cellular  endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
  85. 21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm
    A DHARSHAN MANOHAR
    NB-11

    ReplyDelete
  86. Good evening mam
    Deepthi shoba NZ26 Reg no 202526

    1.What is  histogen theory?
    A. It is a plant development  theory.  It supposees the three principles  of the roots .1.vascular cylinders
    2. Cortex
    3. Epidermis
    Histogen theory  given by  j.hanstein.


    2. What is tunica croupus theory?
    A.It was proposed  by Schmidt in 1924
    According  to this theory  short apex has Two layers
    1. Tunica
    2. Corpus
    Tunica- it is a single layer and  creates epidermis .

    3. What are meristems ?mention the types of meristem based on their position.?
    A. Meristems- they  are undifferentiated  cells which are responsible  for cell division.

    Three  types
    1. Epicalmeristems
    2. Intercalarymeristems
    3.lateral meristems
    Epical-at the tips of the stem
    Intercalary- beneath the epical meristems
    Lateral- percent at the lateral side of stem.

    4. What is stomata?
    A. Stomata is  pore located  on leaves  stems and roots  and other organism. 
    It is helpfull for gaseous exchange .
    The opening  and closing  of stomata is done by  potassium.

    5.what is buliform cells.?
    A.large and bubble shaped cells and epidermal cells. This are mostly  presnt  on monocot leaves.
    These are essential  for storing  of water.

    6. What is  living  mechanism  tissue.?
    A. Collenchyma is only living tissue.
    It provides  mechanical  and structural  strength  for plants.
    The cell wall is composed  of cellulose  and petin.

    7. What is endodermis.?
    A. It is the inner most andcentral   layer of the cortex.
    It helps in regulate the water and ions and hormone.
    It is consisting  of barrale shaped cells.

    8.what is bicolleteral vascular bundles.?
    A.In  bicolleteral vascular  bundles present  both the sides of xylem and the phoelm.
    In this all off them lies  in the same radius.
    9. What is concentric vascular  bundle.?
    A. These are vascular  bundlethose which is on the vascular component  surrounded on the all sides .it is off two types
    1. Amphivascal
    2. Amphicribral
    Ex. Ucca

    10.Name  the important  tissue  which are present  at the vascular  bundle mentions their  function.?
    A. Xylem and pholem are important  vascular  bundle.
    Xylem -  transport  the water and water soluble  nutrients
    Pholem-  transport  of the proteins and  other sugar  and other organism  in  plants.

    ReplyDelete
  87. Good evening mam
    Deepthi shoba NZ26


    11.distgustish normal secondary  growth for  anomalous  secondary growth.?
    A.Normal secondary-  Is the growth  that  results  from cell  division  in the cembeum on the  Lateral  meristems and that causes  the stems and roots to thicken.
    Anomalous  secondary  growth- is an abnormal  secondary  growth doesn't  give rise to  normal single vascular  cambeum.

    12. Mention  anomalous  secondary  growth  gives one monocot  example.?
    A.liliaeceae in ucca, agave ,alou are the  anomalous  secondary  growth  in monocot.

    13. Mention the anomalous  features  of darcina stem .?
    A.the  daricna  stem shows the following  features  covered  with thick cuticles.
    Lenticell is also visible  on the epidermis.
    Hypodermis situated  below the epidermis.
    Below the epidermis  composed  of sclerenchymatous cells.
    14.Mention  the anomalus  features  of borchavia stem.?
    A. The epidermis  is single layer  and consists  of small radially  alongated  parenchymatous cells.
    Multicellular  epidermal has arise from some cells.
    Thick cuticle is present  on the epidermis.
    Some stomata  are also present.

    15. Write  the scientific  name  and family  and importance of teck wood ,red sandal, rose wood.?
    Teck wood
    Scientific  name- Tectona grandis
    Family-mints
    Importance-teck are oily content  and highly  tensile strengths  and tight grin make it particularly  suitable  were whether  resistance  is derived.
    Red Sandle
    Scientific  name-Pterocartus santalinus
    Family -peterocarpaceae
    Importance- the wood at the center  of the truck  is used as medical  proper.
    Rose word
    Scientific  name-Dalbergia latifolia
    Family-legumes
    Importance- is used for making  furniture  and musical  instruments  as well as rose wood oil.
    EMBRYOlOGY
    1.what is embryology? Mention aminate Indian embryologist?
    A. The branch of biology  concerned  with study of embryos and their development.
    The Indian embrologist-panchanan maheshwari.

    2.what is microscope.?
    A.piece of equipment  that  palys very small objects  look bigger  for u to be  able to see them.

    3.what  is tapatum?
    A. Tapatum Is the inner most  cell layer  in the anther which surrounds  the developing  fallen mother cells and microspores supplying  nutrition and enzymes required  for microsporogenisis and pollen maturation.

    4. What is endothecium?
    A. It Is a fibrous  layer in angiosperms
    The layer of cells  lying  Beneath the  epidemis of the  walls of the anther as the anther  matures thickenings offen develop in the cell walls off of endothelial.properbly
    Denhiscence .

    5. What is megasprongium.?mention any three types.?
    A.A plant structure  that produces

    ReplyDelete
  88. Good evening mam
    Deepthi shoba NZ26

    megaspores.  The ovule appeared to be megasporangium with integument surrounding  it. Megapores remains inside the ovule and divide my mitosis  .to produce  hapliod gametophyte or mega gemetophyte which also remains inside the ovule.
    1. Orthothropous ovule
    2. Anathropous ovule
    3. Amphitropous ovule

    6. Define nucelles, challaza, microphyle?
    A. Nacelles- the central part of an ovule containing the embryo sac in angisperms is the central  portion of the ovule.central part of the ovule in which developed  the embryo sac in some cases of apomixis cells of the nacelles developed  in to an embryo.
    Challaza-   this are a pair of spring like structures  that projected  form the equatorial region of the  vitelline membrane.
    Microphyle- a small opening  in the surface of the ovule in which pollen tube penittatres , often  visible as a small pore in the ripe seed .

    7. What is embryo  sac and mention  the three types of embryo sac.?
    A. A megaspore mother  cell or megasporophyte is a diploid cell in plants  in which meosis will occur , resulting  in the production of pore haploid mega spores  at lest one of the spores developed  in to haploid female gametophyte.the megaspores  mother cells arises megasprongium  tissue.
    Three types :
    Monosporic ,bisporic,tetarasporic

    8. Define fertilization?double  fertilization? Triple fission.?
    A. Fertilization-  fertilization  also known as generative fertilization.  Syngamy  and Impregnation , is the fission of gamates   to give rise to new individuals  organisms or offspring  and intimate its development.
    Double fertilization- it is a complex fertilization  mechanism  of flowering plants this process involves  the joining  of a female  gemetophyte  with two male gamete  it begins when a pollengrain adheres to the sigma of the Carple

    Triple fission-it involves  sperm Nucleus and two polar nuclie which occurs in double fertilization  in seed baring plant
    That results  in the endosperm formation
    One of the of the two male gamates  fuses with the nucleus  of egg cell to produce the zygote. This process is referred  to as   Syngamy.
    9.Define ruminate  endosperm.?
    A. Ruminate  endosperm  is the condition  in which endosperm  is dissected  by in growths of the seed court . Ruminate  endosperm  is formed  when the seed court intrudes inward to the young  endosperm via-metamertistamtic growth  ruminate  endosperm  is found  in the annonaceae family.

    10.what Is endosperm? And mention the types.?
    A.  The endosperm  is a tissue  produced  inside  the seeds  of the most of the flowering  plants   following  double fertilization . It id's tripled most species. Which may be auxin-deriven . It surrounds  the embryo  and provides  nutrition  in the form starch though  it can also contain  oils and proteins .
    Types:
    Nuclear  endosperm -it is a most common  type of endosperm found. Here PEN divides rapidly  by cytoainesis. It results in the formation  of free nuculie in the cell.

    Cellular  endosperm- it is a not very common  in this type of development,  division  of PEN is followed by  cytochyinesis and two called are formed  due to transverse  division Giving  rise to chalazal and micrphylar chamber.

    Helobial endosperm- this type of endosperm development  is common  in monocotiledons .   It produce cellular  endosperm.

    ReplyDelete
  89. Good evening mam,
    This is vaddi Durga Sravani(NB26)202426

    1.What is histogen theory?
    A. It is a plant development theory. It supposees the three principles of the roots .1.vascular cylinders
    2. Cortex
    3. Epidermis
    Histogen theory given by j.hanstein.


    2. What is tunica croupus theory?
    A.It was proposed by Schmidt in 1924
    According to this theory short apex has Two layers
    1. Tunica
    2. Corpus
    Tunica- it is a single layer and creates epidermis .

    3. What are meristems ?mention the types of meristem based on their position.?
    A. Meristems- they are undifferentiated cells which are responsible for cell division.
    Three types
    1. Epicalmeristems
    2. Intercalarymeristems
    3.lateral meristems
    Epical-at the tips of the stem
    Intercalary- beneath the epical meristems
    Lateral- percent at the lateral side of stem.

    4. What is stomata?
    A. Stomata is pore located on leaves stems and roots and other organism.
    It is helpfull for gaseous exchange .
    The opening and closing of stomata is done by potassium.

    5.what is buliform cells.?
    A.large and bubble shaped cells and epidermal cells. This are mostly presnt on monocot leaves.
    These are essential for storing of water.

    6. What is living mechanism tissue.?
    A. Collenchyma is only living tissue.
    It provides mechanical and structural strength for plants.
    The cell wall is composed of cellulose and petin.

    7. What is endodermis.?
    A. It is the inner most andcentral layer of the cortex.
    It helps in regulate the water and ions and hormone.
    It is consisting of barrale shaped cells.

    8.what is bicolleteral vascular bundles.?
    A.In bicolleteral vascular bundles present both the sides of xylem and the phoelm.
    In this all off them lies in the same radius.

    9. What is concentric vascular bundle.?
    A. These are vascular bundlethose which is on the vascular component surrounded on the all sides .it is off two types
    1. Amphivascal
    2. Amphicribral
    Ex. Ucca

    10.Name the important tissue which are present at the vascular bundle mentions their function.?
    A. Xylem and pholem are important vascular bundle.
    Xylem - transport the water and water soluble nutrients
    Pholem- transport of the proteins and other sugar and other organism in plants.

    ReplyDelete
  90. Good evening mam,
    This is vaddi Durga Sravani (NB26)
    Submitting my remaining assignment

    11.distgustish normal secondary growth for anomalous secondary growth.?
    A.Normal secondary- Is the growth that results from cell division in the cembeum on the Lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    Anomalous secondary growth- is an abnormal secondary growth doesn't give rise to normal single vascular cambeum.

    12. Mention anomalous secondary growth gives one monocot example.?
    A.liliaeceae in ucca, agave ,alou are the anomalous secondary growth in monocot.

    13. Mention the anomalous features of darcina stem .?
    A.the daricna stem shows the following features covered with thick cuticles.
    Lenticell is also visible on the epidermis.
    Hypodermis situated below the epidermis.
    Below the epidermis composed of sclerenchymatous cells.

    14.Mention the anomalus features of borchavia stem.?
    A. The epidermis is single layer and consists of small radially alongated parenchymatous cells.
    Multicellular epidermal has arise from some cells.
    Thick cuticle is present on the epidermis.
    Some stomata are also present.

    15. Write the scientific name and family and importance of teck wood ,red sandal, rose wood.?
    Teck wood
    Scientific name- Tectona grandis
    Family-mints
    Importance-teck are oily content and highly tensile strengths and tight grin make it particularly suitable were whether resistance is derived.
    Red Sandle
    Scientific name-Pterocartus santalinus
    Family -peterocarpaceae
    Importance- the wood at the center of the truck is used as medical proper.
    Rose word
    Scientific name-Dalbergia latifolia
    Family-legumes
    Importance- is used for making furniture and musical instruments as well as rose wood oil.

    ReplyDelete
  91. Good evening mam,
    This is vaddi Durga Sravani (NB26)
    Submitting my remaining assignment
    EMBRYOlOGY
    1.what is embryology? Mention aminate Indian embryologist?
    A. The branch of biology concerned with study of embryos and their development.
    The Indian embrologist-panchanan maheshwari.

    2.what is microscope.?
    A.piece of equipment that palys very small objects look bigger for u to be able to see them.

    3.what is tapatum?
    A. Tapatum Is the inner most cell layer in the anther which surrounds the developing fallen mother cells and microspores supplying nutrition and enzymes required for microsporogenisis and pollen maturation.

    4. What is endothecium?
    A. It Is a fibrous layer in angiosperms
    The layer of cells lying Beneath the epidemis of the walls of the anther as the anther matures thickenings offen develop in the cell walls off of endothelial.properbly
    Denhiscence .

    5. What is megasprongium.?mention any three types.?
    A.A plant structure that produces megaspores. The ovule appeared to be megasporangium with integument surrounding it. Megapores remains inside the ovule and divide my mitosis .to produce hapliod gametophyte or mega gemetophyte which also remains inside the ovule.
    1. Orthothropous ovule
    2. Anathropous ovule
    3. Amphitropous ovule

    ReplyDelete
  92. Good evening mam,
    This is vaddi Durga Sravani (NB26)
    Submitting my remaining assignment


    6. Define nucelles, challaza, microphyle?
    A. Nacelles- the central part of an ovule containing the embryo sac in angisperms is the central portion of the ovule.central part of the ovule in which developed the embryo sac in some cases of apomixis cells of the nacelles developed in to an embryo.
    Challaza- this are a pair of spring like structures that projected form the equatorial region of the vitelline membrane.
    Microphyle- a small opening in the surface of the ovule in which pollen tube penittatres , often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed .

    7. What is embryo sac and mention the three types of embryo sac.?
    A. A megaspore mother cell or megasporophyte is a diploid cell in plants in which meosis will occur , resulting in the production of pore haploid mega spores at lest one of the spores developed in to haploid female gametophyte.the megaspores mother cells arises megasprongium tissue.
    Three types :
    Monosporic ,bisporic,tetarasporic

    8. Define fertilization?double fertilization? Triple fission.?
    A. Fertilization- fertilization also known as generative fertilization. Syngamy and Impregnation , is the fission of gamates to give rise to new individuals organisms or offspring and intimate its development.
    Double fertilization- it is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants this process involves the joining of a female gemetophyte with two male gamete it begins when a pollengrain adheres to the sigma of the Carple

    Triple fission-it involves sperm Nucleus and two polar nuclie which occurs in double fertilization in seed baring plant
    That results in the endosperm formation
    One of the of the two male gamates fuses with the nucleus of egg cell to produce the zygote. This process is referred to as Syngamy.

    9.Define ruminate endosperm.?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which endosperm is dissected by in growths of the seed court . Ruminate endosperm is formed when the seed court intrudes inward to the young endosperm via-metamertistamtic growth ruminate endosperm is found in the annonaceae family.

    10.what Is endosperm? And mention the types.?
    A. The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of the most of the flowering plants following double fertilization . It id's tripled most species. Which may be auxin-deriven . It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form starch though it can also contain oils and proteins .
    Types:
    Nuclear endosperm -it is a most common type of endosperm found. Here PEN divides rapidly by cytoainesis. It results in the formation of free nuculie in the cell.
    Cellular endosperm- it is a not very common in this type of development, division of PEN is followed by cytochyinesis and two called are formed due to transverse division Giving rise to chalazal and micrphylar chamber.
    Helobial endosperm-It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.

    ReplyDelete
  93. Living mechanical tissues ?
    A living mechanical tissue is the sclerenchyma it is the strengthening tissue found in plant consist of wood cells...
    2.mention anomalous features of Dracula.?
    a.dracena is typical example of anomalous secondary growth in monocots single epidermis is present typically secondary thickening is absent in monocots
    3.histogen theory
    a.a growing point consists of three historic each gives rise to different tissue
    4. Tapetum
    a. The tapetum is a specialized layer of nutritive cells found with in the anther of flowering plant
    5. Stomata
    a.its main function of the exchange of Gases by opening and closing the pores in the leaves
    6.bicollateral
    a.pholem both external and internal to the xylem
    7.nucellus biology
    a.the central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female gametophyte
    8.sandlewood.?
    a.red sandalwood is tree the wood at the center of trunk (heart wood )used as medicine used for treating digestive tract problems fluid retention and cough
    9.anamalous secondary growth in boerhaavia .?
    a.primary Anatmoly presence of two large central medullary vascular bundles encircled with a secondary ring 6 to 14 loosely arranged
    10.triple fission
    a. The fussion involves the two polar nuclei and sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization

    ReplyDelete
  94. GOODEVENING MAM
    IAM M.ANIL KUMAR (NZ-16)
    202516
    Q1. What is Histogen theory ?
    Ans : Histogen theory was proposed by Hanstein.
    It includes 3 zones
    (i) Dermatogen (Epidermis),
    (ii) Periblem (Cortex),
    (iii) Plerome (Stele)

    Q2. What is Tunica carpous theory ?
    Ans : Tunica carpus theory was proposed by skimmith.
    Tunica - carpous are meant by :
    •Tunica : It is present around the cortex. As well as it divides and redivides & forms the outer most epidermis and a little cortex portion.
    •corpous : It is the central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of the cortex and the mass of tissues are called stele.

    Q3. What are meristems ? Mention the type of meristems based on their position.
    Ans : A group of immature embryonic cells are called as meritstems.
    Meristems are divided into 3 types. They are
    (i) Apical meristems,
    (ii) Lateral meristems
    (iii)Intercalary meristems

    Q4. What is stomata?
    Ans : Stomata is present on the epidermis of stems and leaves.
    Transpiration ( The loss of water in the form of vapour through stomata) is the function of stomata.

    Q5. What are Bulliform cells?
    Ans : In monocots, towards the upper epidermis and below to the vascular bundle, enlarged or bulbous cells are present in the upper epidermis are called Bulliform cells.
    These are useful for storage of water towards the upper epidermis.

    Q6. What is living mechanical tissue ?
    Ans : The living tissue, which provides mechanical strength to the plants is called mechanical tissue.

    Q7. What is Endodermis ?
    Ans : Below the cortex, a barrel shaped, compactly arranged, single layered structure is present. It is called Endodermis.
    It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.
    It has some thickenings are called campaign thickening.

    Q8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles ?
    Ans : If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles.
    It stores more food. Because phloem is well developed than xylem in it.

    Q9. What are concentric vascular bundles ?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.
    They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    (i)Amphivasal type, (ii) Amphicribal type

    Q10. Name the important tissues, which are present in the vascular bundles and mention their functions.
    Ans : Xylem and Phloem are the important tissues that are present in vascular bundles.
    The function of Xylem is transportation of water and minerals from the plants.
    The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  95. 1) Histogen theory: A growing point (as of a stem or root) consists of three histogens each of which gives rise to a different tissue. The shoot apex comprises three distinct zones: Dermatogen:It is the outermost layer. It gives rise to epidermis.
    Periblem:It is middle layer. Give rise to cortex.
    Plerome:It is innermost layer. Give rise to stele.
    2) Tunica corpus theory:A theory in plant morphology each apical meristem consists of an outertunica and an inner corpus. This theory is relevant only to shoot apex. It is based on the plane of division of cells. The shoot apex consists of two distinct layers Tunica. The cells divide into all planes.
    3) what are meristems mention the type of meristem based on the position?
    A) There are the three types of meristem which are differentiated based on position of the meristem are apical,intercalary, and lateral meristems. These meristems perform different activities based on their location.
    4) stomata:A tiny pore in a plant leaf surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulate it's opening and closure and serves as the site for gas exchange.
    5) Bulliform cells:In the monocotyledons excepting a few families a peculiar types of comparatively larger highly vacuolate and thin walled cells occur in the epidermis. These are called bulliform (meaning bubble like) cells.
    6) Living mechanic tissue: The living mechanical tissue in plants is collenchyma. It is found in young parts of the body. It provides mechanical strength to the plant parts. It is not found in underground parts and monocots.
    7) Endodermis: An inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and of some stems surrounding a vascular bundle. The endodermis is the central innermost layer of cortex in land plants.
    8) Bicollateral vascular bundle: Bicollateral vascular bundles have on both the outer and inner sides of the xylem with all the three lying on the same radius. A strip of vascular cambium is also generally present on both the sides of the xylem. These types of vascular bundles are seen in cucurbitaceae family.
    9) Concentric vascular bundle: A plant vascular bundle in which phloem surrounds xylem or xylem surrounds phloem called also respectively Amphicribral bundle, Amphivasal bundle.
    10) Name the important tissues which are present in the vascular bundle mention their function?
    A) The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue. The vascular cambium and the cork cambium.

    ReplyDelete
  96. M.ANIL KUMAR (NZ-16)
    Q11. Distinguish b/w the normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    Ans : Secondary growth is described as the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and it causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    Whereas ;
    Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is anamolous secondary growth.

    Q12. Define the anamolous secondary growth. Give one example of monocotyledonous.
    Ans : If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    Q13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    Ans : Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    Q14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    Ans : Boerhavia shows anamolous secondary growth feature due to the presence of vascular bundles in medullary region .

    Q15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    Ans :
    Teak Wood
    • Scientific Name : Tectona grandis
    • Family : Mints
    • Importance : Teak's high oil content. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture and boat decks, cutting boards, indoor flooring, countertops and as a veneer for indoor finishings.

    Red sanders :
    • Scientific name : Pterocarpus santalinus
    • Family : Fabaceae
    • Importance : red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages.

    Rose wood
    • Scientific name : Santalum album
    • Family : Santalaceae
    • Importance : The wood is used for worshipping the god Shiva, and it is believed that goddess Lakshmi lives in the sandalwood tree.

    Q16. Define embryology ? Mention the eminent Indian embryologist.
    Ans : The study of embryos is nothing but the development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through the faetal stage is called as Embryology.
    Panchanan Maheshwari is the Indian eminent embryologist.

    Q17. What is micropore ?
    Ans : Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes.
    Those male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    Q18. What is Tapetum?
    Ans : The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells within the anther of flowering plants.
    It is located in b/w the sporangeous tissue and the anther wall.
    Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains and also as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.

    Q19. What is Endothecium ?
    Ans : Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    Q20. What is Megasporangium. Mention any two types.
    Ans : Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium.
    Some of the megasporangium are
    (i) Orthotropous or atropous.
    (ii) Anatropous.
    (iii) Camphylotropous.
    (iv) Amphitropous.
    (v) Hemianatropous.

    ReplyDelete
  97. M. ANIL KUMAR(NZ-16)
    Q21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    Ans : Nucellus : It is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    Chalaza : Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    Micropyle : It is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of the ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    Q22. What is embryo sac? Mention the three types of embryo sac.
    Ans : Female gametophyte is called Embryo sac.
    It is of three types. They are
    (i) Monosporic , (ii) Bisporic, (iii)Tetrasporic

    Q23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and Triple fusion.
    Ans : Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    Ans : Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by the growths of seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    Ans : Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    It is of three types
    (i) Nuclear endosperm, (ii) Cellular endosperm, (iii) Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  98. .distungiushed normal secondary growth from anomalous secondary growth
    A:the abnormal secondary growth which doesn't give rise to the normal pattern of single vascular cambium

    12.define anamlous secondary growth give one monocot
    A:in monocot vascular bundle are conjoint,collateral closed and are scattered in the groundtissue secondary growth is absent any deviation in the any Patterm of development in primary and secondary structure is called anomalous secondary growth

    13.mention anomalous features of dracena stem
    A:itis an example of anamlous secodary growth in monocots typically secondary thicking is absent in monocots

    14.mention anomalous features of boerhaviastem
    A:primary analomy -presence of two large central medullary vascular bundle encircled with secondary ring of 6-14 loosely arranged vascular bundle layed in ground tissue.

    15.write the scientific name of family and important of wood,red,sandlewood,and rose wood
    A:wood
    (Tectona)
    Family :tamiaceace
    Redsandle (sequoioideas)
    Family :cupressaceace
    Rose wood
    Pterocarpous santalinus
    Family :legumes family

    UNIT-2

    16.define embryology
    A:the branch of biology and medicine and study of embryo's and their development

    17.microsperm
    A:the smaller of the two kinds of spore produced by some ferns

    18.tapetum
    A:itis a specialized layer of nutritive cells found within the anther

    19.Endothecia
    A:the inner lining of a mature anther

    20.megasporangia andmention their types
    A:megasporangia is the female sporangia that produce megasporocytes that produce mega spore .it consist of nucellus and micropyle
    𝑵𝒛29-𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒂
    202529

    ReplyDelete
  99. Name : B stella santhoshini
    18
    Sec:NB-17
    1 . What is histogen theory?
    plant development

    analysis has led to the histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen respectively.
    2 what is tunica corpus theory
    The tunica corpus theory was proposed by schimidt in 1924 this theory is relevant only to shoot apex it is based on the plane of division of cells according to this theory the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers namely tunica and corpus the cells divide into all planes
    3 what are meristems mention the types of meristems based on position
    There are three types of meristems which are differentiated based on position of the meristems are apical meristems intercalary meristems and lateral meristems these meristems perform different activities based on their location apical meristems is located at the tip of roots stem and branches
    4 what is stomata
    Stoma is also called as stomata is apore found in epidermis of leaves stems and other organs that control the rate of exchange of gases the pore is bordered by a pair of specialised parenchyma cells known as guard cells
    5 bulliform cells
    Bulliform cells or motor cells are large bubble shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots these are generally present near the mid vein portion of the leaf
    6 what are living mechanical tissue
    A living mechanical tissue is the sclerenchyma it is the strengthening tissue that is found in the plant it has hard woody cells
    7 what is endodermis
    An inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and some stems surrounded by a vascular bundle
    What is bicollateral vascular bundle
    It is of having the phloem both external and internal to the xylem compare collateral
    8. What is concentric vascular bundle
    A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants the transport itself happens in the stems which exists in two forms xylem and phloem including supporting and protective tissue
    9 name the important tissue which are present in vascular bundle mention their function
    Vascular tissue is compressed of the xylem and phloem the main transport system of plants they typically occur together in vascular bundle in all plant organs transvesing roots stems and leaves xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upward through the plant
    10 distinguish anamolous secondary growth give one monocot example
    Primary anamaly presence of two large central medullary vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-14 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying in the ground tissue non adaptive type anamaly normal disposition of cambium with its unusual activity
    11 distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth
    Anamolous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of singular vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium give rise to abnormal secondary structure called anamolous secondary growth
    12 mention anamolous features in dracinia stem
    Dracena stem is a typical example of of anamolous secondary growth in monocots typically secondary growth thickening is absent in monocots therefore secondary thickening itself is an anamoly as dracena is a monocot
    13 mention anamolous features in boerhavia stem
    Primary anamoly presence of two large central vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-17 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying on the ground tissue
    Non adaptive- type anamoly normal indisposition of cambium with unusual activity
    14 write the scientific name and importance of timber red sandal wood and rose wood
    Red sandal wood pterocarpus santalinus also known as almug saunderwood red Sanders rakta chandana lal chandana ragat chandan ragat chandan
    Timber is any of the wood components of the tree that has been swan of the dimension o

    ReplyDelete
  100. 11. Nucellus.
    a the central part of an ovule containing embryonic
    12. Living mechanical tissue
    a.the tissue system that gives mechanical support the whole plant and their growing organs against different external and internal forces
    13.what is meristem
    a. The meristem is a type of tissue found in plants it consists of undifferentiated capable cells
    14. Bulliform cells ?
    a motar cells are large bubble shaped epidermal cells that occur in group upper surface of leaf.
    15. Endodermis .?
    a. Inner layer of cells in cortex of a root and of some stems surrounding a vascular bundle.
    16. Types of meristem .?
    a. Three types of meristem based on position of meristem are intercalary meristem and lateral meristem
    17. Anomalous secondary growth.?
    a. Any deviation in the above pattern of development in primary and secondary is called Anomalous secondary growth
    18. Histogentheory
    a.based on the plane of division of cells the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers
    19. Vascular bundle
    a. Part of transport system in vascular plants .xylem and pholem both tissue are present.
    20. Microphyle.?
    a. Small opening in the surface of an ovule through which the pholem tube penetrates

    ReplyDelete
  101. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function from anamolous secondary growth.
    A

    ReplyDelete
  102. 21.define nucellus .chalaza. micropyl
    A:nucellus -the central and chief part of plant ovule that encloses the female gamerophtye
    Chalaza-its a structure inside the egg and plant ovule
    Micropyl-asmall opening in the surface of an ovule


    22.define fertilization. Double fertilization. Triple fusion
    A:it is a process of fertilising both male and female gamets
    Double fertilization -which one sperm nucellus fuses with the egg nucleus to egg nucleus to form and embryo and another fuseswith polar nuclei to form endosperm
    Triple fusion -one sperm cell of pollen grain fertiles and egg cell while secondary fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid body

    23.ruminate endosperm
    A:in which the endosperm Is dissected by in growth of the seed coat

    24.whatis endosperm and mention their types
    A:itsa nutritive tissue in seed plants formed within the embryosacby division ofthe endosperm nucleus
    1.nuclear endosperm
    2.cellular endosperm
    3.helobial endosperm

    UNIT-3

    25.define ecology and ecosystem
    A:itis a relationship between the living and nonliving organisms
    Itis the relationship between the biotic and a biotic


    26.what are decompesers mention the examples
    A:thisare depend upon the dead and dacayed
    Ex:bacteria.fungi

    27.define food chain and foodweb
    A:a series of orangism each dependt upon the next source of food
    Foodweb-a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains




    Nz-29sirisha
    Regno-202529

    ReplyDelete


  103. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  104. histogen theory
    A:itis proposed by J. Hanstein in 1060 according to thistheory they does not originate from the superifiacal cell but forms a mass of meristamtic cell


    2.tunicacarpous
    A:that was proposed by Schmidt in 1924it is based on the plan of division of cells

    3.whatare meristems mention their types based on their position
    A:itis useful for the cell division
    1.apical meristem
    2.intercallarymeristem
    3.lateralmeristem

    4.stomata
    A:stomata are the cells structure in the epidermis of tree leaves and needles that are involved in the exchange of co2 and water between the plants and atmosphere

    5.bulliformcells
    A:this are essential for water storage

    6.living mechanical tissue
    A:sclerenchyma

    7.Endodermis
    A:an inner layer of cell

    8.Bicollateral
    A:having the pholem both external and internal to the xylem

    9.concentratic region
    A:one type of tissue surrounded by another tissue

    10.name the important tissue vascular bundle present in vascular bundle mention their function
    A:a vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants the transport itself happens in the stem it consist of two forms xylem and pholem both these tissues present in the vascular bundle supporting the protective tissues
    𝑵𝒛29(202529)
    𝑺𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒉𝒂

    ReplyDelete
  105. 21. Stomata .?
    a. Stomata are cells structures in the epidermis of three leaves and needles involved exchange of carbon dioxide and water between plants and atmosphere
    22. Embryology?
    a.the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development
    23. Endothecium ?
    a. Epidermis is wall of anther. anther matures probably aiding dehiscence
    24. Endosperm .?
    a.the part of seed which acts as food store for the development plant embryo contains Strach with protein
    25. Megasporangium .?
    a. Specialized structures sori in plants in ferns cones in some teridophytes found in gymnosperms
    26. Chalaza in botany.?
    a. A structure inside bird eggs and plant ovule ..
    K. Akash
    Nz 05
    202505....

    ReplyDelete
  106. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete


  107. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  108. 11) Define anomalous secondary growth give monocotyledons example?
    A) Some monocotyledons belonging to the family Liliaceae, such as Dracaena, yucca, Agave, Aloe and others exhibit a peculiar type of secondary growth in thickness, that may be called anomalous because of unusaual phenomenon. Dracaena is a typical example of anamalous secondary thickening growth in monocots.
    12) Mention anomalous features in Dracaena stem?
    A) Dracaena shows anomalous secondary growth. The cambium appears in the parenchyma outside the outermost vascular bundle. In the regions which have ceased to elongate some cells occurring outside the vascular bundles become meristematic and form the cambium.
    13) Mention anomalous features in Boerhaavia stem?
    A) Epidermis is single layered and consists of small radially elongated parenchymatous cells. Multicellular epidermal hairs arise from some cell. A thick cuticle is present on the epidermis. Some stomata are also present.
    14) Define embryology and who is the father of embryology?
    A) Karl Ernst Von Baer was the father of embryology. Embryology defines the branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embroys and their development.
    15) Tapetum: The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.
    16) Endothecium:The lining of the cavity of a mature anther. The central mass of cells in the rudimentary capsule, from which archespore is generally developed in bryophytes the central cells in the capsule including the spores and columella.
    17) Megasporangium mention any types?
    A) Megasporangium is the structure of a plant body which contains female reproductive organs. It can be called ovule. It consists of nucellus and integument. The ovule can be formed in different size and shape. Mature megasporangium can be classified following types: orthotropous, anatropous, campylotropous, amphitropous, hemianatropous.
    18) Define nucellus, chalaza, and micropyle?
    A) Nucellus: The central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female gametophyte.
    Chalaza: Each of two twisted membranous strips joining the yolk to the ends of the cell.
    Micropyle: A small opening in the surface of an ovule through which pollen tube penetrates often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.
    19) What is embryosac mention three types of embryosacs?
    A) The type of embryosac development depends on the number of megaspores taking part in the development of embryosac a number of divisions occurring in the nucleus of the functional megaspore and the organization of nuclei in the nature embryo. Three types of embryosacs:Monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic embryosac.
    20) What is define double fertilization and triple fusion?
    A) Double fertilization: Double fertilization refers to the fusion of one female gametophyte with two male gametophyte.
    Triple fusion; The fusion involving two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus that occurs in double fertilization in a seed plant and results in the formation of the endosperm.
    By
    LURDHU(NB-04).


    ReplyDelete
  109. Name3 : ch.prashanthi

    Sec:NB- 31
    1 . What is histogen theory?
    plant development

    analysis has led to the histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen respectively.
    2 what is tunica corpus theory
    The tunica corpus theory was proposed by schimidt in 1924 this theory is relevant only to shoot apex it is based on the plane of division of cells according to this theory the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers namely tunica and corpus the cells divide into all planes
    3 what are meristems mention the types of meristems based on position
    There are three types of meristems which are differentiated based on position of the meristems are apical meristems intercalary meristems and lateral meristems these meristems perform different activities based on their location apical meristems is located at the tip of roots stem and branches
    4 what is stomata
    Stoma is also called as stomata is apore found in epidermis of leaves stems and other organs that control the rate of exchange of gases the pore is bordered by a pair of specialised parenchyma cells known as guard cells
    5 bulliform cells
    Bulliform cells or motor cells are large bubble shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots these are generally present near the mid vein portion of the leaf
    6 what are living mechanical tissue
    A living mechanical tissue is the sclerenchyma it is the strengthening tissue that is found in the plant it has hard woody cells
    7 what is endodermis
    An inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and some stems surrounded by a vascular bundle
    What is bicollateral vascular bundle
    It is of having the phloem both external and internal to the xylem compare collateral
    8. What is concentric vascular bundle
    A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants the transport itself happens in the stems which exists in two forms xylem and phloem including supporting and protective tissue
    9 name the important tissue which are present in vascular bundle mention their function
    Vascular tissue is compressed of the xylem and phloem the main transport system of plants they typically occur together in vascular bundle in all plant organs transvesing roots stems and leaves xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upward through the plant
    10 distinguish anamolous secondary growth give one monocot example
    Primary anamaly presence of two large central medullary vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-14 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying in the ground tissue non adaptive type anamaly normal disposition of cambium with its unusual activity
    11 distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth
    Anamolous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of singular vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium give rise to abnormal secondary structure called anamolous secondary growth
    12 mention anamolous features in dracinia stem
    Dracena stem is a typical example of of anamolous secondary growth in monocots typically secondary growth thickening is absent in monocots therefore secondary thickening itself is an anamoly as dracena is a monocot
    13 mention anamolous features in boerhavia stem
    Primary anamoly presence of two large central vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-17 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying on the ground tissue
    Non adaptive- type anamoly normal indisposition of cambium with unusual activity
    14 write the scientific name and importance of timber red sandal wood and rose wood
    Red sandal wood pterocarpus santalinus also known as almug saunderwood red Sanders rakta chandana lal chandana ragat chandan ragat chandan
    Timber is any of the wood components of the tree that has been swan of the dimension o

    ReplyDelete
  110. Good evening mam,
    This is pranitha(NB-20)202420

    1.What is an Estrogen theory?
    A. Estrogen dominance is a theory about a metabolic state where the level of estrogen outweighs the level of progesterone in the body.
    2.What is Tunica Carpus Theory?
    A.The Tunica-corpus theory explains the planes of cell division in the shoot apex. It was proposed by Schmidt in 1924. This theory is applicable only to shoot apex and not to root. This theory divides the region (shoot apex) into two tissue zones known as tunica and corpus.
    3.What are the Meristems? Mention the type of Meristems based on their positions?
    A.Meristems is a type of tissue found in plants.it consists of undifferentiated cells capable of cell divisions. It consists of 3 types :
    • Apical Meristems - Occurs In shoot and root tips.
    • Intercalary Meristems - Occurs in mature regions of shoot and root.
    • Lateral meristems – Occurs in between mature tissues.
    4.What is Stomata?
    A. Any of the minute pores in the epidermis of the leaf or stem of a plant, forming a slit of variable width which allows movement of gases in and out of the intercellular spaces.
    5.what is Bulli forms cells?
    A.Bulli forms cells or motor cells are large, bubble-shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots. They are generally present near the mid-vein portion of the leaf and are large, empty and colourless.

    ReplyDelete
  111. Name : B stella santhoshini
    18
    Sec:NB-17
    1 . What is histogen theory?
    plant development

    analysis has led to the histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen respectively.
    2 what is tunica corpus theory
    The tunica corpus theory was proposed by schimidt in 1924 this theory is relevant only to shoot apex it is based on the plane of division of cells according to this theory the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers namely tunica and corpus the cells divide into all planes
    3 what are meristems mention the types of meristems based on position
    There are three types of meristems which are differentiated based on position of the meristems are apical meristems intercalary meristems and lateral meristems these meristems perform different activities based on their location apical meristems is located at the tip of roots stem and branches
    4 what is stomata
    Stoma is also called as stomata is apore found in epidermis of leaves stems and other organs that control the rate of exchange of gases the pore is bordered by a pair of specialised parenchyma cells known as guard cells
    5 bulliform cells
    Bulliform cells or motor cells are large bubble shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots these are generally present near the mid vein portion of the leaf
    6 what are living mechanical tissue
    A living mechanical tissue is the sclerenchyma it is the strengthening tissue that is found in the plant it has hard woody cells
    7 what is endodermis
    An inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and some stems surrounded by a vascular bundle
    What is bicollateral vascular bundle
    It is of having the phloem both external and internal to the xylem compare collateral
    8. What is concentric vascular bundle
    A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants the transport itself happens in the stems which exists in two forms xylem and phloem including supporting and protective tissue
    9 name the important tissue which are present in vascular bundle mention their function
    Vascular tissue is compressed of the xylem and phloem the main transport system of plants they typically occur together in vascular bundle in all plant organs transvesing roots stems and leaves xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upward through the plant
    10 distinguish anamolous secondary growth give one monocot example
    Primary anamaly presence of two large central medullary vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-14 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying in the ground tissue non adaptive type anamaly normal disposition of cambium with its unusual activity
    11 distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth
    Anamolous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of singular vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium give rise to abnormal secondary structure called anamolous secondary growth
    12 mention anamolous features in dracinia stem
    Dracena stem is a typical example of of anamolous secondary growth in monocots typically secondary growth thickening is absent in monocots therefore secondary thickening itself is an anamoly as dracena is a monocot
    13 mention anamolous features in boerhavia stem
    Primary anamoly presence of two large central vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-17 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying on the ground tissue
    Non adaptive- type anamoly normal indisposition of cambium with unusual activity
    14 write the scientific name and importance of timber red sandal wood and rose wood
    Red sandal wood pterocarpus santalinus also known as almug saunderwood red Sanders rakta chandana lal chandana ragat chandan ragat chandan
    Timber is any of the wood components of the tree that has been swan of the dimension o

    ReplyDelete
  112. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  113. 1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    Name-J. Sravani
    Red no- 202418
    Sec-NB

    ReplyDelete
  114. This is Pranitha(NB-20)202420
    submitting the remaining answers
    6.What is the Living Mechanical Tissues?
    A. Collenchyma is the only living tissue which provides mechanical strength and structural strength to the plants. They are composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls and their primary cells wall made is up of cellulose and petin.
    7.What is Endodermis?
    A.It is an inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and of some stems, surrounding a vascular Bundles.
    8.What is Bi-collateral Vascular Bundles?
    A.Bicollateral vascular bundles are those which have phloem on both the sides of the xylem. In this, all of them lie within the same radius. Apart from the phloem, vascular cambium is also present on both the sides of the xylem.
    9.What is Concentric Vascular Bundles?
    A.Concentric vascular bundles are those in which one vascular element surrounds other on all sides. It of two types – Amphivasal and Amphicribal.
    10.Name the Important Tissue which is present in Vascular Bundles? Mention their functions?
    A.A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants which is comprise of two tissues: Xylem and Phloem.
    Xylem – it is leader in developing innovative water solutions through smart technology.
    Phloem- It transports sucrose and amino acids between the leaves and the other parts of the plants.

    ReplyDelete
  115. 12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm
    Name- J. Sravani
    Red no- 202418
    Sec- NB

    ReplyDelete
  116. This is Pranitha(NB-20)202420
    submitting remaining answers
    11.Distinguish normal Secondary growth from Anamolous Secondary growth?
    A.Secondary growth is the formation of secondary tissues from lateral meristems.
    secondary growth which is characterized by the presence of successive rings of xylem and phloem
    12.Define Anamolous secondary growth give one monocotyledonus example
    A.Some monocotyledons belonging to the family Liliaceae, such as Dracaena, Yucca, Agave, Aloe and others exhibit a peculiar type of secondary growth in thickness, that may be called anomalous because of unusual phenomenon. Dracaena is a typical example of anomalous secondary thickening (growth) in monocots.
    13.Mention Anamolous features in Dracaena stem and Boerhavia stem?
    A.Dracaena is a typical example of anomalous secondary thickening (growth) in monocots.
    Boerhaavia is a member of family, Nyctaginaceae. They are generally herbaceous plant.
    14.Write the scientific name, family and importance of wood, red sandal, rose wood?
    Common name Scientific name family importance
    wood For domestic purpose
    red sandal Pterocarpus santalinus Fabaceae For treating digestive track and for blood purification
    rose wood Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae For ornamentive ply woods


    ReplyDelete


  117. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm


    M.Revathi
    NZ.20

    ReplyDelete
  118. Name : B stella santhoshini
    18
    Sec:NB-17
    1 . What is histogen theory?
    plant development

    analysis has led to the histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen respectively.
    2 what is tunica corpus theory
    The tunica corpus theory was proposed by schimidt in 1924 this theory is relevant only to shoot apex it is based on the plane of division of cells according to this theory the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers namely tunica and corpus the cells divide into all planes
    3 what are meristems mention the types of meristems based on position
    There are three types of meristems which are differentiated based on position of the meristems are apical meristems intercalary meristems and lateral meristems these meristems perform different activities based on their location apical meristems is located at the tip of roots stem and branches
    4 what is stomata
    Stoma is also called as stomata is apore found in epidermis of leaves stems and other organs that control the rate of exchange of gases the pore is bordered by a pair of specialised parenchyma cells known as guard cells
    5 bulliform cells
    Bulliform cells or motor cells are large bubble shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots these are generally present near the mid vein portion of the leaf
    6 what are living mechanical tissue
    A living mechanical tissue is the sclerenchyma it is the strengthening tissue that is found in the plant it has hard woody cells
    7 what is endodermis
    An inner layer of cells in the cortex of a root and some stems surrounded by a vascular bundle
    What is bicollateral vascular bundle
    It is of having the phloem both external and internal to the xylem compare collateral
    8. What is concentric vascular bundle
    A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants the transport itself happens in the stems which exists in two forms xylem and phloem including supporting and protective tissue
    9 name the important tissue which are present in vascular bundle mention their function
    Vascular tissue is compressed of the xylem and phloem the main transport system of plants they typically occur together in vascular bundle in all plant organs transvesing roots stems and leaves xylem is responsible for the transport of water and dissolved ions from the roots upward through the plant
    10 distinguish anamolous secondary growth give one monocot example
    Primary anamaly presence of two large central medullary vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-14 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying in the ground tissue non adaptive type anamaly normal disposition of cambium with its unusual activity
    11 distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth
    Anamolous secondary growth is the abnormal secondary growth which does not give rise to the normal pattern of singular vascular cambium which forms xylem and phloem rather they posses multiple cambium give rise to abnormal secondary structure called anamolous secondary growth
    12 mention anamolous features in dracinia stem
    Dracena stem is a typical example of of anamolous secondary growth in monocots typically secondary growth thickening is absent in monocots therefore secondary thickening itself is an anamoly as dracena is a monocot
    13 mention anamolous features in boerhavia stem
    Primary anamoly presence of two large central vascular bundle encircled with a secondary ring of 6-17 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying on the ground tissue
    Non adaptive- type anamoly normal indisposition of cambium with unusual activity
    14 write the scientific name and importance of timber red sandal wood and rose wood
    Red sandal wood pterocarpus santalinus also known as almug saunderwood red Sanders rakta chandana lal chandana ragat chandan ragat chandan
    Timber is any of the wood components of the tree that has been swan of the dimension o

    ReplyDelete
  119. This is Pranitha(NB-20)202420
    Submitting the answers of Embryology
    1.Define Embryology and father of Embryology
    The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
    Karl Ernst von Baer: 1792-1876. On the 200th birthday of the "father of embryology”
    2.what is microscope.?
    A.piece of equipment that palys very small objects look bigger for u to be able to see themryology
    3. what is tapatum?
    A. Tapatum Is the inner most cell layer in the anther which surrounds the developing fallen mother cells and microspores supplying nutrition and enzymes required for microsporogenisis and pollen maturation.
    4. What is endothecium?
    A. It Is a fibrous layer in angiosperms
    The layer of cells lying Beneath the epidemis of the walls of the anther as the anther matures thickenings offen develop in the cell walls off of endothelial.properbly
    Denhiscence .

    5. What is megasprongium.?mention any three types.?
    A.A plant structure that produces megaspores. The ovule appeared to be megasporangium with integument surrounding it. Megapores remains inside the ovule and divide my mitosis .to produce hapliod gametophyte or mega gemetophyte which also remains inside the ovule.
    1. Orthothropous ovule
    2. Anathropous ovule
    3. Amphitropous ovule

    ReplyDelete
  120. This is Pranitha(NB-20)202420
    Submitting the remaining answers of Embryology
    6. Define nucelles, challaza, microphyle?
    A. Nacelles- the central part of an ovule containing the embryo sac in angisperms is the central portion of the ovule.central part of the ovule in which developed the embryo sac in some cases of apomixis cells of the nacelles developed in to an embryo.
    Challaza- this are a pair of spring like structures that projected form the equatorial region of the vitelline membrane.
    Microphyle- a small opening in the surface of the ovule in which pollen tube penittatres , often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed .

    7. What is embryo sac and mention the three types of embryo sac.?
    A. A megaspore mother cell or megasporophyte is a diploid cell in plants in which meosis will occur , resulting in the production of pore haploid mega spores at lest one of the spores developed in to haploid female gametophyte.the megaspores mother cells arises megasprongium tissue.
    Three types: Monosporic, bisporic, tetarasporic

    8. Define fertilization?double fertilization? Triple fission.?
    A. Fertilization- fertilization also known as generative fertilization. Syngamy and Impregnation , is the fission of gamates to give rise to new individuals organisms or offspring and intimate its development.
    Double fertilization- it is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants this process involves the joining of a female gemetophyte with two male gamete it begins when a pollengrain adheres to the sigma of the Carple

    Triple fission-it involves sperm Nucleus and two polar nuclie which occurs in double fertilization in seed baring plant
    That results in the endosperm formation
    One of the of the two male gamates fuses with the nucleus of egg cell to produce the zygote. This process is referred to as Syngamy.
    9.Define ruminate endosperm.?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which endosperm is dissected by in growths of the seed court. Ruminate endosperm is formed when the seed court intrudes inward to the young endosperm via-metamertistamtic growth ruminate endosperm is found in the annonaceae family.

    10.what Is endosperm? And mention the types.?
    A. The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of the most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It id's tripled most species. Which may be auxin-deriven. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form starch though it can also contain oils and proteins.
    Types:
    Nuclear endosperm -it is a most common type of endosperm found. Here PEN divides rapidly by cytoainesis. It results in the formation of free nuculie in the cell.

    Cellular endosperm- it is a not very common in this type of development, division of PEN is followed by cytochyinesis and two called are formed due to transverse division Giving rise to chalazal and micrphylar chamber.

    ReplyDelete
  121. Santhi Priya
    NZ-30 Mam
    Histogen theory : proposed by Hanstain . In thos theory the shoot apex is divided into three types Dermatogen gives epidermis , periblem gives cortex , plerome gives stele

    2 . Tunica corpus theory : proposed by Schmidt . Shoot apex is divided into two types Tunica is central portion , corpus is outer portion

    3 . Meristems : group of immature embryonic cells . Cell division occurs throughout


    4 . Types of Meristems :
    Apical Meristem
    Intercalary Meristem
    Lateral Meristem


    5 . Stomata : It is helpful for transportation of gases . Absent in roots . Present in leaves & young stems

    6 .Bulliform Cells : Present in Monocots . Large and bubble shape cells present on upper surface of leaves

    7 . Living Mechanical Tissue : Parenchyma and Collenchyma are living Mechanical Tissues

    8 . Endodermis : Compactly arranged cells Casparian thickening s are present in between Endodermis


    9 . Bicollateral Vascular bundle : Xylem is surrounded by Phloem . 2 Cambium are present Phloem is well developed than xylem

    10 . Concentric V.B : One type of tissue is surrounded by other type of tissue . This are always closed

    ReplyDelete
  122. Santhi Priya
    NZ 30 mam
    11 . Important tissues in V.B and functions : Xylem and phloem and functions and water transportation and food translocation respectively


    12 . Normal secondary growth is lateral Meristems , Cambium are present Bark is formed outside .
    Anamolous secondary growth : Having many cambial forms



    13 . Anamolous secondary growth of Monocot with one example : Dracaena consists of cambium rings absent in Monocot stem


    14 . Anamolous features in Dracaena stem : Secondary thickening Meristem and secondary Vascular bundles are present

    15 . Boerhaavia stem : Presence of two large central vascular bundles are surrounded by small vascular bundles

    16 . Scientific name of Teak wood - Tectona grandis family Verbenaceae Importance - wood is useful boat building , exterior construction

    Scientific name of Rose wood - Dalbergia sissoo family fabaceae Importance - decorative objects , ornamental plywood

    Scientific name of Red Sanders - Pterocarpus santalinus Family fabaceae Importance - has high demand in domestic purpose

    17 . Embryology and Indian Embrologist : Panchanan Maheshwari . Development of gametes , fertilisation , zygote formation this all process is embrology

    18 . Microspore : It is also called male gametophyte . Develops into sperm cells


    19 . Tapetum : It is nutritive tissue for pollen grains . Present inside the anther . Outside the microsparngia

    20 . Endothecium : present below the epidermis outside the middle layer it is elongated form .

    ReplyDelete
  123. Santhi Priya
    NZ 30 mam
    21 . Megasporangium and types : megasporangium is also called as ovule
    Micropyle , chalaza , funicle
    Orthotropous
    Anatropous
    Hemianatropous
    Campylotropous
    Amphitropous
    Circinotropous

    22 . Nucellus - central part of ovule containing embryo sac
    Micropyle - Entry of sperms through micropyle region mainly
    Chalaza- nucellus attaches to integuments

    23 . Embryosac and types : Female gametophyte is also known as Embryosac
    Monosporic Embryosac
    Bisporic Embryosac
    Tetrasporic Embryosac

    24 . Fertilisation : Fusion of male gamete with egg
    Double Fertilisation : Fusion of central cell with malegamete and fusion of egg with male gamete
    Triple fusion : diploid central cell fuses with haploid malegamete

    25 . Ruminate Endosperm : common condition in Annonaceae family . Endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of seed coat

    26 . Endosperm and types : PEN divides and re-divides mitotically to endosperm
    Nuclear type
    Cellular type
    Helobial type


    ReplyDelete
  124. N. RAVI CHANDRA KUMAR
    NZ-17

    1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  125. N. RAVI CHANDRA KUMAR,
    NZ-17

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  126. Mam,I'm G Sathwik NZ-14
    Submitting botany assignment.

    1.What is histogen theory?
    A.It means that the growing point each of them give rise to new or different tissue is called histogen theory.

    2.What is tunica corpus theory?
    A.According to this theory the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers tunica and corpus.Tunica is a single layered creates epidermis.And corpus is large compared to tunica and it represents the central c

    3.What are meristems?Mention the two different types of meristems based on positions?
    A.Meristem is region of cells capable of division and growth in plants.
    There are three types of meristems based on their positions they are
    1.Apical meristem
    2.Intercalary meristem
    3.Lateral meristem

    4.What is Stomata?
    A.Stomata are cell structures present in the epidermis of leaves of the plants,its main function is to exchange carbon dioxide and water between plants and the atmosphere.

    5.What are bulliform cells?
    A.Bulliform cells are present in the epidermal region of the leaves and they store water and the main function of the bulliform cells is to avoid water loss by the process of transpiration.

    6.What is living mechanical tissue?A.Living mechanical tissue is nothing but Collenchyma which is present in the young parts of the plant body which gives mechanical strength to the plant.

    7.What is endodermis?
    Endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex of many roots and stems.

    8.What is bicollateral region?
    A.It is a vascular bundle in which phloem is present in both external and internal to the xylem.

    9.What is a concentration region?
    A.It is a region of space over which the concentration of substance changes and the substances will naturally move down their gradients from the are of higher concentration to lower concentration.

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their functions
    A.The important tissues present in the vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
    Phloem transports food material from leaves to other parts of the plant.

    ReplyDelete
  127. Good evening mam iam M.Pramod NZ10


    1.define histogen theory?
    Ans.the histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen .


    2.Define tunica carpus theory?
    Ans. According to this theory, the shoot apex consists of two distinct layers, namely, Tunica and Corpus. The shoot apex is composed of two layers of cells of tunica and corpus. -Tunica: It is singlelayered and creates epidermis. Tunica forms a protoderm which gives rise to the sterna and leaves the epidermis.

    3.what are meristems and types of meristems?
    Ans.meristems are immature and undifferentiated cell which is capable of cell division.A plant has four kinds of meristems: the apical meristem and three kinds of lateral—vascular cambium, cork cambium, and intercalary meristem.

    4. Define stomata?
    Ans.the microscopic openings or pores in the epidermis of leaves and young stems. Stomata are generally more numerous on the underside of leaves. They provide for the exchange of gases between the outside air and the branched system of interconnecting air canals within the leaf.

    5. Define bullyfom cells?
    Ans.Bulliform cells or motor cells are a large, bubble-shaped epidermal cell that occurs in groups of several monocots on the upper surface of the leaves. These cells occur on the adaxial or upper leaf surface. The bulliform cell are bubble like

    6.define living mechanical tissue?
    Ans.Collenchyma is one of the living fundamental tissue found in plants, where they are supportive tissue of living elongated cells with irregular cell walls, and collenchyma cells have thicker deposits of cellulose in their cell walls.

    7.define endodermis!
    Ans.The innermost layer of the cortex that forms a sheath around the vascular tissue of roots and some stems. In the roots the endodermis helps regulate the intake of water and minerals into the vascular tissues from the cortex.

    8.define bicollateral vascular bundle?
    Ans.Bicollateral vascular bundles are those which have phloem on both the sides of the xylem. In this, all of them lie within the same radius. Apart from phloem, vascular cambium is also present on both the sides of the xylem.

    9.what is concentratic vascular bundle?
    Ans.a plant vascular bundle in which (1) phloem surrounds xylem or (2) xylem surrounds phloem called also respectively 1amphicribral bundle, 2amphivasal bundle.

    10.Name the important tissues present in vascular bundle and their functions?
    Ans The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. ... Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant.

    ReplyDelete
  128. 15 define embryology and mention eminent Indian embryologist
    Embryology: a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development
    Dr panchanan maheshwari was an eminent botanistbspecialising in plant embryology morphology and anatomy plant physiology and biochemistry
    He was one of the leading plant biologists who established the technique of test tube fertilization of angiosperm
    16 what is microspore
    The smaller of the two kinds of spore produced by some ferns
    17 what is tapetum
    A tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found with in the anther of flowering plants where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall
    18 what is endothecium
    In angiosperm the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther
    As anther matures thickening often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium probably aiding dehiscence
    19what is megasporangium and mention any two types
    Megasporangium are female sporangia that produce megasporocytes that produce megaspores the sporangia may be borne in specialised structures such as sori in ferns cones in some pteridophytes and mostly found in gymnosperm or flowers
    Anatropous the ovule become completely inverted
    Campylotropous the ovules are curved
    20 define nucellus chalaza and micropyle
    Nucellus- the central part of an ovule, containing the embyo sac
    Chalaza- the chalaza are a pair of spring like structure that project from the equatorial region of the vitelline membrane into the albumin and are considered to act as balancer maintaining the yolk
    Micropyle: a small opening in the surface of an ovule through which the pollen tube penetrates often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed
    21 what is an embyo sac and mention any three types
    A megaspore mother cell or megasporocyte is a diploid cell in plant in which meiosis will occurs resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores atleast one of the spores develop into haploid female gametophytes
    Three types of embryo sacs are present monosporic bisporic and tetrasporic sacs
    22 define fertilization double fertilization and triple fusion
    Fertilization: the process of fusion of the female gamates the ovum or egg and the male gamates produced in the pollen tube
    by the pollen grains
    Double fertilization: double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants this process involves the joining of a female gametophytes with two male gamates some plants may form polyploid nuclei
    Triple fusion:triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperm nucleus and two polar nuclei which occurs in the double fertilization in a seed bearing plants that results in the endosperm formation
    23. What is ruminant endosperm
    Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in growth of the seed coat ruminate endosperm is formed when the seed coat intrudes in ward into the young endosperm via meristematic growth ruminate endosperm is found in the annonaceae family

    ReplyDelete
  129. 15 define embryology and mention eminent Indian embryologist
    Embryology: a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development
    Dr panchanan maheshwari was an eminent botanistbspecialising in plant embryology morphology and anatomy plant physiology and biochemistry
    He was one of the leading plant biologists who established the technique of test tube fertilization of angiosperm
    16 what is microspore
    The smaller of the two kinds of spore produced by some ferns
    17 what is tapetum
    A tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found with in the anther of flowering plants where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall
    18 what is endothecium
    In angiosperm the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther
    As anther matures thickening often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium probably aiding dehiscence
    19what is megasporangium and mention any two types
    Megasporangium are female sporangia that produce megasporocytes that produce megaspores the sporangia may be borne in specialised structures such as sori in ferns cones in some pteridophytes and mostly found in gymnosperm or flowers
    Anatropous the ovule become completely inverted
    Campylotropous the ovules are curved
    20 define nucellus chalaza and micropyle
    Nucellus- the central part of an ovule, containing the embyo sac
    Chalaza- the chalaza are a pair of spring like structure that project from the equatorial region of the vitelline membrane into the albumin and are considered to act as balancer maintaining the yolk
    Micropyle: a small opening in the surface of an ovule through which the pollen tube penetrates often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed
    21 what is an embyo sac and mention any three types
    A megaspore mother cell or megasporocyte is a diploid cell in plant in which meiosis will occurs resulting in the production of four haploid megaspores atleast one of the spores develop into haploid female gametophytes
    Three types of embryo sacs are present monosporic bisporic and tetrasporic sacs
    22 define fertilization double fertilization and triple fusion
    Fertilization: the process of fusion of the female gamates the ovum or egg and the male gamates produced in the pollen tube
    by the pollen grains
    Double fertilization: double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants this process involves the joining of a female gametophytes with two male gamates some plants may form polyploid nuclei
    Triple fusion:triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperm nucleus and two polar nuclei which occurs in the double fertilization in a seed bearing plants that results in the endosperm formation
    23. What is ruminant endosperm
    Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in growth of the seed coat ruminate endosperm is formed when the seed coat intrudes in ward into the young endosperm via meristematic growth ruminate endosperm is found in the annonaceae family

    ReplyDelete
  130. Q. No.15 scientific name and family and uses of teak
    Ans . Scientific name:- tectona grndis
    Family. :- Lamiacear
    Use. :- Teak wood has a leather like smell when it is freshly milled and is particularly valued for its durability and water resistance.

    Ans . Scientific name:- Pterocarpous santalinus
    Family. :- Fabaceae
    Use. :-The wood at the centre of the trunk is used as medicine.red sandle wood is used for treating digestive tract problems. Fluid retention and coughs and for blood purification.

    Ans . Scientific name:- Dalbergia sissoo
    Family. :- Fabaceae
    Use :- It is used for furniture,play wood ,veneer, decorative products, construction,musical instruments,and other wood products.

    Q . No. 16 Define embryology mention eminant embryologist
    Anns . Embryology is the study of development of embryo from stage of ovum fertilization through to the fetal stage
    Embryologist:- Panchanan maheswari embryologist was an eminent botanist specialising in plant botany embryology.

    Q no. 17 Microscope
    Ans . A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.

    Q no. 18 The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found with in the anther,of the flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains.

    Q. No. 19 Endothecium
    Ans . In angiosperms,the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the layer of wall of the anther.

    Q. No. 20 Microsporangium and two types
    Ans . A sporangium containing microspores.
    Two types of Microsporangium
    * Microsporangia
    * Megasporangia

    Q. No. 21
    Nucellus:- the central part of an ovule containing the embryosac.
    Chalaza:- Each of two twisted membranous strips joining the yolk to the ends of the shell.
    Micropyle:- a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the rip seed.

    Q . No. 22 Embryosac and types
    Ans . The embryosac is an oval structure present in the ovule of flowering plants.An embryosac is said to form when the haploid megaspore necleus divides at the event of fertilization,one male nucleus and egg nucleus combine for the formation of zygote leading to the development of the embryo.
    Types of ebryosacs
    * Monosporic
    *Bisporic
    * Tetrasporic.

    Q . No. 23 Ruminant endosperm
    Ans. Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in growth of seed coat ruminate endosperm is formed when the seed coat intrudes in ward into the young endosperm via meristematic growth ruminate endosperm is found in the annonaceae family.

    ReplyDelete
  131. Denice histogen theory?
    The development the root tip of analysis has lead to the histogen theory which praposes that the root vascular tissue of the root tip vascular cylindrical cortext and epidermis organisim from the three group of. Intial cell are histoges in the apical meristem plerome periblem and dermotogen respectively.
    2.define tunica carpus theory?
    a.the tunicaa carpus theory theory was praposed by schmid't 1924according to this theory the schoot apex comsit of two distinct layer namely tunicaa and andcarpus theory the schoot apex is composed of the two layers of of cell of tunicaa carpus theory single layer rd and create and epidermis.
    3. What are meristem types of meristems?
    A. There are three primary meristem the protoderm which wii became theground tissue comparing.
    Apical meristem
    Lateral meristem
    Intercalary meristem.
    4.what is stomota?
    a.stomotais present of epidermis ofstems and leaves
    Transpiration the loss of water in from of vapour through stomota to function of stomata.
    5. What are bulli form cells?
    A . In monocots t below to the vascular bundleowards the upper epidermis and enlarged cell are present in upper epidermis are Called billi form cells
    These are useful for strong and epidermis water towards the upper epidermis.
    6.what living mechanical tissue?
    A.the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the place is called mechanical tissue.
    7.what arebilateral vascular bundles?
    a.below the cortex a larval shaped completely arranged single layer and stature is present it is calledendodermis
    It prevents loss of water from vascular tissues ground numts system.
    8.what are bilateral vascular bundles?
    A.if xylem is surrended by Philemon is developed by xylem init.
    9.what are concentatic vascular bundles?
    A.if one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type of it is called ascontratic vascular tissue bundles
    10.name the importance of tissue which are present in the vascular bundleand mention their function?
    A.xylem is are pholem are the important of tissue that are present in vascular bundle
    The function of xylem is important of water and minirals from the plants
    The function of pholem is to transport to the food minerals.

    ReplyDelete
  132. Good evening mam iam M.Pramod NZ10


    11.Distungish blw normal secondary growth and anomalous secondary growth?
    Ans.secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    Anomalous secondary growth” is the term under which have been grouped cambial conformations, cambial products, and cambial numbers which differ from the most common “normal” condition, namely, a single cylindrical cambium that produces phloem externally and xylem internally.

    12.Define anomalous secondary growth? Give example of monocotyledon?
    Ans.The stem of Boerhaavia contain well defined anomalous secondary growth which is characterized by the presence of successive rings of xylem and phloem (vascular bundles).Outer most ring of the vascular bundles contain inter-fascicular cambium which is absent in other two rings. Example of monocot Dracaena, Yucca, Agave, Aloe .

    13. Mention anomalous features in dracaena stem?
    The following features of the stem-
    * Epidermis single layered remains covered with thick cuticle.
    * Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous.
    * Numerous closed, collateral vascular bundles scattered in the parenchymatous
    ground tissue.
    * Xylem is endarch.

    14.mention anomalous features of boerhavvia stem?
    Ans .1) Epidermis is single layered and consists of small, radially elongated parenchymatous cells. 2) Multi-cellular epidermal hairs arise from some cell. 3) A thick cuticle is present on the epidermis. 4) Some stomata are also present.

    15.write scientific name , family,and importance of teak wood,red wood and sandle wood?
    Ans : Teak Wood
    • Scientific Name : Tectona grandis
    • Family : Mints
    • Importance : Teak's high oil content. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture and boat decks, cutting boards, indoor flooring, countertops and as a veneer for indoor finishings.

    Red sanders :
    • Scientific name : Pterocarpus santalinus
    • Family : Fabaceae
    • Importance : red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages.

    Rose wood :
    • Scientific name : Santalum album
    • Family : Santalaceae
    • Importance : The wood is used for worshipping the god Shiva, and it is believed that goddess Lakshmi lives in the sandalwood tree.

    16.define embryology?
    Ans.Embryology is a branch of science that is related to the formation, growth, and development of embryo. It deals with the prenatal stage of development beginning from formation of gametes, fertilization, formation of zygote, development of embryo and fetus to the birth of a new individual.Dr. Panchanan Maheshwari was an eminent botanist specialising in plant embryology.

    17.what is microspore?
    Ans.Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.

    18.what is tapetum?
    Ans.Tapetum is the innermost cell layer in the anther, which surrounds the developing pollen mother cells or microspores supplying nutrition and enzymes required for microsporogenesis and pollen maturation.

    19.what is endothesium?
    Ans the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.

    20.what is megasporangium and mention any two types?
    Ans.Megasporangia (female sporangia) produce megasporocytes (megameiocytes) that yield megaspores.
    Mature megasporangium can be classified under 5 types .

    Orthotropous or atropous
    Anatropous
    Camphylotropous
    Amphitropous
    Hemianatropous.

    ReplyDelete
  133. NZ 21
    T.Bramhaji Reddy
    Sep30,10:30

    1.what is histogen theory?
    It is proposed by j.hanatein.
    It tells about root parts
    1.vascular bundles
    2.cortex
    3.epidermis

    2.What is tunica corpus theory?
    In this theory it explains that shoot apex has two layers
    1.tunica
    2.corpus

    3.what are meristems? Mention the types of meristem based on their position?
    A. Meristems are the frequently dividing cells which responsible in plant growth
    Three types of meristems
    1. Apical meristems_ tip
    2. Lateral meristems.. lateral sides
    3. Intercalary meristems.. middle

    4.what is stomata?
    A.stomata is located on leaves and it helps in gaseous exchange.

    5.What is bulliform cells?
    A.these are present on the monocot leaves. These are helpful in storage of water.

    6.What is living mechanical tissue?
    A.Collenchyma is a living mechanical tissue. Present in stems and roots provides mechanical strength

    7.what is endodermis?
    A.It is the innermost layer of cortex.
    It stores food and regulate water transport.

    8.What is bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A.in bicollateral vascular bundles two cambiums are present between xylem and phloem

    9.what is concentric vascular bundle?
    A. Concentric vascular bundles are those which are surrounded by vascular components on all sides it is of two types
    1. Amphivascal
    2.amphicribal

    10. Name the important issue which are present at the vascular bundle mention their functions?
    A. Vascular bundle consists of xylem and phloem
    Xylem- helps in transport of water and minerals
    Phloem helps in transport of food materials

    11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anomalous secondary growth?
    A. Normal secondary growth occurs from the lateral meristem and caused the thickening of stem and root anamolous secondary growth deviation of primary and secondary growth in plants leads to anomalous secondary growth

    12. Mention anomalous secondary growth gives one monocot example?
    A. Aage aloevera anamolous secondary growth examples in monocot

    13. Mention the anamolous features of Darcina stem?
    1. Covered with thick cuticle
    2. Hyperthermia is situated below the epidermis

    14. Mention the anomalous features of borchavia stem?
    A. Epidermis a s single layered
    Cuticle is present on the epidermis

    15.write the scientific name and family and importance of teck wood, red sandal, rose wood?
    Teck wood--
    Family.....mints
    Scientific name....tectona grandis
    Importance...it is more strong wood useful in furniture
    Red sandle...
    Family... Peterocarpaceae
    Scientific name.. pterocarpus santalinus
    Importance.. it contains medicinal properties and useful in furniture

    ReplyDelete
  134. NZ 21 Bramhaji
    Embrology short answers

    1. What is embryology? Menti0n aminate Indian embryologist?
    A. The branch of biology deals with the study of embryos and their development. panchanan Maheswari

    2. What is microscope?
    A. Microscope is a instrument useful in sealing of microorganisms

    3. What is tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost cell layer in the anther wall it gives nourishment to the developing microscopes

    4. What is endothecium?
    A. It is fibrous layer it lies below the epidermis and helps in dehisemce of anther

    5. What is megasporangium? Mention any three types?
    A.megasporangium is afemale reproductive organs in plants. It produces megaspores.
    1. Orthotropous ovule
    2. Anatropous ovule
    3. Amphitropous ovule

    6. Define nucellus, challaza, micropyle?
    A.nucellus.. it is the innermost layer of ovule surrounded by embryo sac
    Challaza... It is the region present opposite to the micropile it is the place where are Integuments and nucellus attaches
    Micropile... It is a small opening of the ovule through which pollen tube penetrates

    7. What is embryo sac and mention the three types of embryo sac?
    A. Megaspore mother cell is called as embryo sac
    Three types of embryo sac:
    Monosporic, bisporic, tetrasporic

    8. Define fertilization? Double fertilization? Double fertilization? triple fusion?
    A. Fertilization is the fusion of megaspore and microspore.
    Double fertilization..... It occurs in dicots it involves fusion of one of the male gamete with the egg cell and another male gamete with the polar nuclei
    Triple fission... It involves de fusion of two polar nuclei and a Male gamete. Seen in double fertilization

    9. Define ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which endosperm is dissected by in growths of the seed coat is a common condition in the palms of annonaceae this type of endosperm develops early and hence the ingrowths are forrmed directly into tissues

    10. What is endosperm? And mention the types?
    A. Endosperm is a result of double fertilization
    Types are: nuclear, cellular, helobial

    ReplyDelete
  135. 11.distinguish between the normal secondary growth from anamalus secondary growth?
    a.secondary growth is desirable saathe growth result from the cell division is the combia of lateral meristem and it is causes the stem and root tonthe chicken.
    12. Define the anamalus secondary growth give one example monocylolediens?
    A .if any deviation occur in the development of primary and secondary growth Structure and secondary structure in plants is called secondary growth
    Eg. Dracaena.
    13. Mentions anamalus futherus is draceana stem?
    A. Draseana shows anamalus secondary growth due to which the combine ant the maney secondary vascular bundles toward innerside only.
    14.menstion anamalus featureing bhorehaavia stem.
    A.The stem of Boerhaavia contain well defined anomalous secondary growth which is characterized by the presence of successive rings of xylem and phloem (vascular bundles). ... Outer most ring of the vascular bundles contain inter-fascicular cambium which is absent in other two rings..
    15.write the scientific name family and impotence of take wood red and Sanders and Rose wood?
    A. Teak (Tectona grandis) is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. Tectona grandis has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicles) at the end of the branches. These flowers contain both types of reproductive organs (perfect flowers). The large, papery leaves of teak trees are often hairy on the lower surface. Teak wood has a leather-like smell when it is freshly milled and is particularly valued for its durability and water resistance. The wood is used for boat building, exterior construction, veneer, furniture, carving, turnings, and other small wood projects.[2]
    16.define embrilogy ? Meantion the eminent indian embrilogist?
    A.An embryo is the early stage of development of a multicellular organism. In general, in organisms that reproduce sexually, embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization and continues through the formation of body structures, such as tissues and organs. Each embryo starts development as a zygote, a single cell resulting from the fusion of gametes (i.e. the process of fertilization which is the fusion of a female egg cell and a male sperm cell). In the first stages of embryonic development, a single-celled zygote undergoes many rapid cell divisions, called cleavage, to form a blastula, which looks similar to a ball of cells. Next, the cells in a blastula-stage embryo start rearranging themselves into layers in a process called gastrulation. These layers will each give rise to different parts of the developing multicellular organism, such as the nervous system, connective tissue, and organs..
    17.what is micropore?
    A.Micropore Paper Tape — Commonly used to secure bandages and dressings to skin without leaving a sticky residue, micropore paper tape is hypoallergenic and can be used long-term, without fear of skin irritation. Its adhesive sticks to skin, underlying tape, or directly to dressing materials..
    18.what is tapitum?
    A.any of various reflective membranous layers or areas especially of the choroid and retina of the eye. 2 : a layer of nutritive cells that invests the sporogenous tissue in the sporangium of vascular plants..
    19. What is endothelium?
    A.he lining of the cavity of an anther. (in mosses) the central mass of cells in the rudimentary capsule, from which the archespore is generally developed. (in bryophytes) the central mass of cells in the capsule, including the s.
    20. What is meghasporangum meanstion any two types?
    A.Mature megasporangium can be classified under 5 types . Anatropous– The ovule becomes completely Inverted so that the micropyle and hilum lie close to each other . Example – all members of Sympetale and several family in monocot and dicot. Camphylotropous- The ovules are curved ..

    ReplyDelete
  136. Good evening mam iam M.Pramod Nz10

    21.Define nucellus, chalaza and microphyl?
    Ans.Nucellus makes the most of the ovule. It encloses the embryo sac. They have abundant food reserves and therefore act as nutritive tissues for the embryo in some plants.
    the basal end of an ovule, opposite the micropyle, where the seed coats and the nucellus join.
    a small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.

    22.what is embryosac and mention types of embryosac?
    Ans.These nuclei are reorganised; one nucleus from each group at a pole migrates to the centre of the cell, called polar nuclei. The whole structure with two polar nuclei, three antipodals, one egg and two synergids is the mature female gametophyte or embryo sac.

    23.what is fertilization,double fertilization and triple fusion?
    Ans.Fertilization can be defined as the union of two haploid gametes.
    This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm) is double fertilization.
    Triple fusion is fusion which involves the fusion of two polar nuclei and a sperm nucleus which occurs in double fertilisation in a seed plant and it further results in the formation of endosperm.

    24.what is ruminate endosperm?
    Ans.Ruminate endosperm: A structure of the endosperm made of albumen of a seed which gives a mottled appearence to its section, and which results from the infolding of a dark inner layer of the seed-coat into the light-coloured matter of the endosperm, as in the nutmeg.

    25.what is endosperm and types of endosperm?
    Ans.Endosperm replaces the female gametophyte as the primary nutritive tissue for the embryo in virtually all angiosperms, containing cells rich in carbohydrates, oil, or protein.
    Three main types of endosperm development in flowering plants are: (i) Nuclear type (ii) Cellular type and (iii) Helobial types.

    ReplyDelete
  137. Q21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    Ans : Nucellus : It is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    ✓ Chalaza : Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    ✓ Micropyle : It is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of the ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    Q22. What is embryo sac? Mention the three types of embryo sac.
    Ans : Female gametophyte is called Embryo sac.
    ✓ It is of three types. They are
    (i) Monosporic , (ii) Bisporic, (iii)Tetrasporic

    Q23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and Triple fusion.
    Ans : Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    ✓ Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    ✓ Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    Ans : Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by the growths of seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    Ans : Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    ✓ It is of three types
    (i) Nuclear endosperm, (ii) Cellular endosperm, (iii) Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  138. Mam,I'm G Sathwik NZ-14
    Submitting remaining assignment.

    11.Distinguish between normal secondary growth and anamuolous secondary growth?
    A.Secondary growth results in the cell division in the cambia and also it causes roots and stem thickness.

    Anamolous secondary growth is deviation in normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called anamolous secondary growth.

    12.Define anamolous secondary growth.Give one example of monocotyledons?
    A.Any deviation occurs in primary and secondary growth of structures in plants is called anamolous secondary growth.
    Example:Dracaena.

    13.Mention anamolous feature of Darcaena stem?
    A.
    Darcaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts in vascular bundles towards innerside.

    14.Mention anamolous feature in boerhaavia stem.
    A.Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the presence of vascular bundles in medullary region.

    15.Write the scientific name family and importance of teak wood,red Sanders and rose wood.
    A.Teak wood: Scientific name:Tectona grandis Family:Mints.
    Importance:Teaks are mainly high in oil content.
    Uses:They are mainly used in manufacturing furnitures.
    Red sanders :Scientific name : Pterocarpus santalinus

    Family : Fabaceae
    Importance : red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages.
    Rose wood
    Scientific name : Santalum album
    Family : Santalaceae

    16.Define embryology?Mention the Indian eminent embryologist.
    A.Embryology is a branch of biology which deals with the study of embryos and development.

    The Indian eminent in is Panchanan Maheshwari.

    17.What is micropore?
    A.Micropore is a plant spores which develop into a male gametophyte.

    18.What is tapetum?
    A.Tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther.It is important in development of pollen grains.

    19.What is endothecium?
    A.Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther.
    The main function of endothecium is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20.What is megasporangium?Mention any two types.
    A.Megasporangium is female reproductive organ in all plants.
    Two types of megasporangium are:
    1.Anatropous
    2.Amphitropous


    ReplyDelete
  139. Mam,I'm G Sathwik NZ-14
    Submitting remaining assignment

    21.Define Nucellus.Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A.It is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo.

    Chalaza:Above to the funicle and below to the embryosac we see basal portion of embryo called chalaza.

    Micropyle:It is a minute opening in the integument of an ovule of a seed plant.

    22.What is embryosac? mention two types of embryosac.
    A.Female gametophyte is called embryosac.
    There are three types of embryosac
    1.Monosporic
    2.Bisporic
    3.Trisporic

    23.Define fertilization?Double fertilization and triple fusion.
    A.The fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote is called fertilization.

    Double fertilization:It is a process in which one sperm fuses with egg nucleus to form an embryo and another fuses with polar nuclei to form endosperm.

    24.What is ruminant endosperm?
    A.Ruminant endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by the growth of seed coats.

    25.What is endosperm.Mention it's types.
    A.Endosperm is a tissue which surrounds and nourishes the embryo.
    Types of endosperm a are:
    1.Nuclear endosperm
    2.Cellular endosperm
    3 Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  140. Mam iam NB22
    1. What is histogen theory?
    A. •It was proposed by Hanstein
    •It includes 3 zones
    - Dermatogen(epidermis)
    - Periblem(cortex)
    - Plerome(stele)

    2. What is Tunica carpous theory?
    A. • It was proposed by skimmith
    Tunica : It is present around the cortex. It divides and redivides and forms outermost epidermis and little cortex portion.
    corpous : It is central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of cortex and mass of tissues called stele.

    3. What are meristems? Mention the type of meristems based on position.
    A. •A group of immature
    embryonic cells are called as
    meristens.
    • The meristems are divided
    into 3 types. They are
    - Apical meristems
    - Lateral meristems
    - Intercalary meristems

    4. What is stomata?
    A. • It is present on the epidermis
    of stems and leaves.
    • Its function is transpiration.
    • The loss of water in the form
    of vapour through stomata is
    called transpiration.

    5. What are Bulliform cells?
    A. • In monocots towards upper
    epidermis below to the
    vascular bundle enlarged or
    bulbous cells are present in
    upper epidermis are called as
    Bulliform cells.
    • These cells are useful for
    storage of water towards
    upper epidermis.

    6. What is living mechanical tissue?
    A. Collenchyma is the living tissue which provides mechanical strength to the plants.

    7. What is Endodermis?
    A. • Below the cortex a barrel shaped compactly arranged single layered structure is present called Endodermis.
    • It has some thickenings called campaign thickening.
    • It prevents loss of water from vascular tissue system to ground tissue system.

    8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles?
    A. If xylem is surrounded by pholem on both sides it is called as bicollateral vascular bundles. Phloem is well developed than xylem. Hence stores more food.

    9. What are concentric vascular bundles?
    A. If one type of vascular tissue is surrounded by another type it is called as concentric vascular bundles.They are always closed. Hence cambium is absent. It is of two types.
    - Amphivasal type
    - Amphicribal type

    10.Name the important tissues present in the vascular bundles.Mention their function.
    A. • The important tissues present in vascular bundles are Xylem and Phloem.
    • The function of Xylem is transport of water and minerals from the plant.
    • The function of Phloem is to transport the food materials.

    ReplyDelete
  141. 11. Distinguish normal secondary growth from anamolous secondary growth.
    A.• Secondary growth is the growth results from cell division in the cambia or Lateral merisrems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken.
    • Any deviation from the normal development in primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.

    12. Define anamolous secondary growth. Give one monocotyledonous example.
    A. If any deviation occurs in the development of primary and secondary structures in plants is called as anamolous secondary growth.
    Eg : Dracaena(Monocotyledon)

    13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem.
    A. Dracaena shows anamolous secondary growth due to which the cambium cuts many secondary vascular bundles towards innerside only.

    14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem.
    A. Boerhaavia shows anamolous secondary growth due to the vascular bundles are also present in the medullary region .

    15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood.
    A. •

    16. Define embryology. Mention eminent Indian embryologist.
    A. The study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilisation through to the faetal stage is called as embryology. Panchanan Maheshwari is the eminent Indian embryologist.

    17. What is micropore?
    A. Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote.

    18. What is Tapetum?
    A. Tapetum is the innermost layer in anther. It provides nourishment to the developing microspores.

    19. What is Endothecium?
    A. Endothecium is a fibrous layer in anther. It's function is production of pollen grains in anther.

    20. What is Megasporangium.Mention any two types.
    A. Female reproductive organ in plants is called as Megasporangium. Some of the megasporangium are
    • Orthotropous
    • Anatropous

    ReplyDelete
  142. 21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle.
    A. • Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
    • Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see try the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
    • Micropyle is a minute opening that is present towards the anterior side of ovary. It is useful for the entry of pollen grains into embryo sac.

    22. What is embryo sac? Mention three types of embryo sac.
    A. Embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a seed 🌱. It is of three types.
    - Monosporic
    - Bisporic
    - Tetrasporic

    23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and triple fusion.
    A.• Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    A. Ruminate endosperm is a condition in which the endosperm is dissected by ingrowths of the seed coat. It is seen in Palmae and Annonacae.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types.
    A. Endosperm is atissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms. It is of three types
    - Nuclear endosperm
    - Cellular endosperm
    - Helobial endosperm

    ReplyDelete
  143. Im G.Rupesh NZ 03
    submitting my Botany assignment
    Q1. What is Histogen theory ?
    Ans: The histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen
    Q2. What is Tunica carpous theory ?
    Ans: The Tunica corpus theory was proposed by 'Schmidt' in 1924.
    •Tunica : It is present around the cortex. As well as it divides and redivides & forms the outer most epidermis and a little cortex portion.
    •corpous : It is the central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of the cortex and the mass of tissues are called stele.

    Q3. What are meristems ? Mention the type of meristems based on their position.
    Ans: There are three types of meristem.
    apical meristem : tips of the roots and shoots
    intercalary meristem: It is located in the leaves and internodes at the intercalary position.
    lateral meristem.: It is located in the stems and roots on the lateral side.
    Q4. What is stomata?
    Ans: a stoma is a tiny opening or pore that is used for gas exchange. They are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves. Its functions are- The gas exchange that occurs when stomata are open facilitates photosynthesis.
    Q5. What are Bulliform cells?
    Ans: Bulliform cells or motor cells are large, bubble-shaped epidermal cells that occur in groups on the upper surface of the leaves of many monocots.
    Q6. What is living mechanical tissue ?
    Ans: collenchyma is the living mechanical tissue. The living tissue, which provides mechanical strength to the plants is called mechanical tissue.
    Q7. What is Endodermis ?
    Ans: The endodermis is the central, innermost layer of cortex in land plants. To restrict flow of water to the inside parts. The endodermis is the boundary between the cortex and the stele
    Q8. What are bicollateral vascular bundles ?
    Ans: Bicollateral vascular bundles are those which have phloem on both the sides of the xylem. In this, all of them lie within the same radius. Apart from phloem, vascular cambium is also present on both the sides of the xylem.
    Q9. What are concentric vascular bundles ?
    Ans: Concentric bundle is a plant vascular bundle in which- phloem surrounds xylem or xylem surrounds phloem called also amphicribral bundle and amphivasal bundle.




    Q10. Name the important tissues, which are present in the vascular bundles and mention their functions?
    Ans: The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and nutrients, phloem transports organic molecules, and cambium is involved in plant growth.

    Q11. Distinguish between the normal secondary growth from anamalous secondary growth.
    Ans: secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken
    Anomalous secondary growth is the pattern of the secondary thickening shows deviation from the normal type.
    Q12. Define the anamolous secondary growth. Give one example of monocotyledonous?
    Ans: vascular cambium produces xylem on inside and phloem on outside. It is mainly observed in some monocots such as Dracaena, Agave, Yucca and Bougainvillea.

    ReplyDelete
  144. Im G.Rupesh NZ 03
    submitting my Botany assignment

    Q13. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem?
    Ans: Dracaena shows anomalous secondary growth. The cambium appears in the parenchyma outside the outermost vascular bundles.
    Q14. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem?
    Ans: Primary Anomaly - Presence of two large central medullary vascular bundles encircled with a second ring of 6 to 14 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying in the ground tissue.
    Q15. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood?
    Ans: • Scientific Name : Tectona grandis
    • Family : Verbenaceae
    • Importance : Teak's high oil content. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture and boat decks, cutting boards, indoor flooring, countertops and as a veneer for indoor finishings.

    Red sanders:
    • Scientific name: Pterocarpus santalinus
    • Family: Fabaceae
    • Importance: red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages.

    Rose wood
    • Scientific name: Santalum album
    • Family: Santalaceous
    • Importance: The wood is used for worshipping the god Shiva, and it is believed that goddess Lakshmi lives in the sandalwood tree.






    Q16. Define embryology? Mention the eminent Indian embryologist?
    And: The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development. Panchanan Maheshwari is the Indian eminent embryologist.
    Q17. What is micrspore ?
    Ans: A microspore refers to the spore produced by sporophytes. It is haploid and gives rise to a male gametophyte.
    Q18. What is Tapetum?
    Ans: The tapetum is a specialized layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains.
    Q19. What is Endothecium?
    Ans: It is the lining of the cavity of an anther.
    Q20. What is Megasporangium. Mention any two types?
    Ans: A plant structure that produces megaspores that is Cllesd as ovule.
    Q21. Define Nucellus, Chalaza and Micropyle?
    Ans: A small opening in the integuments of the ovule through which sperm are able to access the ovum while chalaza is the location where the nucellus attaches to the integuments, opposite the micropyle. The central part of an ovule, containing the embryo sac.

    Q22. What is embryo sac? Mention the three types of embryo sac.
    Ans : Female gametophyte is called Embryo sac.
    (i) Monosporic , (ii) Bisporic, (iii)Tetrasporic.

    Q23. Define Fertilisation, Double fertilisation and Triple fusion?
    Ans : Fertilisation : Fusion of two haploid gametes is called as Fertilisation.
    Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    24. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    Ans: Ruminate endosperm is found in the 'Annonaceae family, it is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat.

    25. What is Endosperm? Mention the types?
    Ans: Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    It is of three types
    (i) Nuclear endosperm, (ii) Cellular endosperm, (iii) Helobial endosperm

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  145. I'm V.deekshitha
    NZ-27
    Q11. What is Endosperm? Mention the types?
    Ans: Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    It is of three types
    (i) Nuclear endosperm, (ii) Cellular endosperm, (iii) Helobial endosperm

    Q12. What is Ruminate endosperm?
    Ans: Ruminate endosperm is found in the 'Annonaceae family, it is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat.

    Q13. Define embryo and what are the imp parts in dicot embryo?
    Ans:Male and female gametes fuse to form the zygote during sexual reproduction. The zygote further undergoes division to evolve into an embryo.Three principle parts of the embryo of dicot seeds are observed, they are:
    Cotyledons
    Plumule
    Radicle

    Q14. What is Histogen theory ?
    Ans: The histogen theory, which proposes that the three principal tissues of the root—vascular cylinder, cortex, and epidermis—originate from three groups of initial cells, or histogens, in the apical meristem—plerome, periblem, and dermatogen
    Q15. What is Tunica carpous theory ?
    Ans: The Tunica corpus theory was proposed by 'Schmidt' in 1924.
    •Tunica : It is present around the cortex. As well as it divides and redivides & forms the outer most epidermis and a little cortex portion.
    •corpous : It is the central zone in shoot apex. It produces another half part of the cortex and the mass of tissues are called stele.

    Q16 . What is stomatal complex?
    Ans:stomatal complex can be defined as the stoma plus adjacent epidermal cells. In many species, a set number and arrangement of cells surround each stoma.

    Q17. What are concentric vascular bundles ?
    Ans: Concentric bundle is a plant vascular bundle in which- phloem surrounds xylem or xylem surrounds phloem called also amphicribral bundle and amphivasal bundle.

    Q18. What are radial and Bicollateral vascular bundles?
    Ans: Bicollateral vascular bundles are those which have phloem on both the sides of the xylem. In this, all of them lie within the same radius. Apart from phloem, vascular cambium is also present on bot
    The radial vascular bundle is a simple arrangement of the xylem and phloem side by side on different radii and are separated by non-conductive tissues.
    These radial vascular bundles are the characteristic feature of the root of both dicots and monocots.

    Q19. Mention anamolous feature in Dracaena stem?
    Ans: Dracaena shows anomalous secondary growth. The cambium appears in the parenchyma outside the outermost vascular bundles.

    Q20. Mention anamolous feature in Boerhaavia stem?
    Ans: Primary Anomaly - Presence of two large central medullary vascular bundles encircled with a second ring of 6 to 14 loosely arranged vascular bundles lying in the ground tissue.

    Q21. Define the anamolous secondary growth. Give two example .
    Ans: vascular cambium produces xylem on inside and phloem on outside. It is mainly observed in some monocots such as Dracaena, Boerhaavia

    Q22. Write the scientific name, family, and importance of teak wood, red sanders, and rose wood?
    Ans: • Scientific Name : Tectona grandis
    • Family : Verbenaceae
    • Importance : Teak's high oil content. It is used in the manufacture of outdoor furniture and boat decks, cutting boards, indoor flooring, countertops and as a veneer for indoor finishings.

    Red sanders:
    • Scientific name: Pterocarpus santalinus
    • Family: Fabaceae
    • Importance: red sandalwood is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages.

    Rose wood
    • Scientific name: Santalum album
    • Family: Santalaceous
    • Importance: The wood is used for worshipping the god Shiva, and it is believed that goddess Lakshmi lives in the sandalwood tree.

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  146. GOOD AFTERNOON MAM
    I AM SRILEKHA ,NZ-31.
    SUBMITTING MY ASSIGNMENT MAM.

    1. DEFINE DOUBLE FERTILIZATION AND TRIPLE FUSION?
    A. Fertilisation is the Fusion of two haploid gametes.
    • Double fertilisation : If the female gametophyte fuses with two male gametes it is called as double fertilisation.
    • Triple fusion : Triple fusion is a fusion that involves a sperms nucleus and two polar nuclei.

    2. DEFINE EMBRYOLOGY AND MENTION TGE EMINENT INDIAN EMBRYOLOGIST?
    A. The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development. Panchanan Maheshwari is the Indian eminent embryologist.

    3.DEFINE MEGASOPRE AND MICROSPORE?
    A. Megasopre is the female gamete which is developed from female gametophyte.
    Micropore are the plant spores which develop into male gametophytes. Male gametophytes produce sperms cells which are used for fertilisation with an egg and forms zygote. 

    4. DEFINE TAPETUM?
    A. The tapetum is a specialized layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains.

    5.WHAT IS ENDOTHECIUM?
    A.It is fibrous single layer compactly arranged columnar cell lies below the epidermis and helps in dehisemce of anther.

    6.DEFINE MEGASPORANGIUM AND MENTION THE TYPES?
    A.A.megasporangium is a female reproductive organs in plants. It produces megaspores.there are 6 types of ovules they are
    a.Orthotropous ovule
    b.Anatropous ovule
    c.Hemitropous ovule
    d.campylotropous ovule
    e.amphitropous ovule
    f.circinotropous ovule.

    7.WHAT IS EMBRYO SAC?
    A.embryo sac is the female gametophyte formed from the megasopre.there are many types mainly
    Embryo sac.
    (i) Monosporic embryo sac
    (ii) Bisporic embryo sac, (iii)Tetrasporic embryo sac.

    8.DEFINE NUCELLUS AND CHALAZA?
    A.nucellus is the solid mass layer of thin walled parenchymatous cells surrounding the embryo sac which is nutritive infunction .
    Chalaza is the location where the nucellus attaches to the integuments, opposite the micropyle. The central part of an ovule, containing the embryo sac.

    9.WHAT IS POLYGONUM TYPE OF EMBRYO SAC?
    A .out of 4 megasopres one will get functional and undergoes 3 mitotical divisions forming 2celled then 4celled and 8celled stage ,out of the 2sets having 4 cells at micropylar region and chalazal side one cell from each end come to center froming 2nucleated single polar central cell .so the polygonum embryo sac is having 2synergid cells and 1egg cell at micropylar region and 3 antipodal at chalaza finally forming 7celled 8nucleated celled embryo sac

    10.WHAT IS ENDOSPERM?MENTION THEIR TYPES?
    A.Endosperm is a tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms.
    It is of three types
    (i) Nuclear endosperm, (ii) Cellular endosperm, (iii) Helobial endosperm

    11.WHAT IS TETRASPORIC EMBRYO SAC MENTION AN EXAMPLE?
    A.It is seen in peparomia.all the 4 megaspores are funtional they undergo 2mitotic divisions forming 4bundles each bundle having 4cells .out 4cells of each bundle 2cells comes to center forming 8celled central cell and 2cells forming egg apparatus at micropyleand 6antipodals at chalaza finnally the tetrasporic embryo sac having 16 nucleiated 9 celled stage.

    12.WHAT IS RUMINATE ENDOSPERM?
    A.Ruminate endosperm is the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms or Annonaceae. This type of endosperm develops early and hence the in-growths are formed directly into its tissue.

    13.DEFINE EMBRYO AND MENTION IMPORTANT PARTS OF DICOT EMBRYO?
    A.An embryo is an initial stage of development of a multicellular organism.
    typicaldicotyledonous embryo, consists of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons.The portion of embryonal axis above the level of cotyledons is the epicotyl, which terminates with the plumule or stem tip.
    The cylindrical portion below the level of cotyledons is hypocotyl that terminates at its lower end in the radical or root tip.The root tip is covered with a root cap.

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