The Dept. Of organized a one day hands on training workshop for III B.SC botany cluster students as a part of the curriculum. All the students were actively participated in this workshop. Students well trained in drug identification, analysis and importance of crud drugs.
1
ReplyDeleteAns. DNA - deoxy ribose nueclic acid
A pentose sugar
A phosphate group
A nitrogen base are the chemical components of DNA
21. Define genetics
Ans. The study of genes is known as genetics
Gregor John Mendel is regarded as father of genetics.
22.difference between pro and eukaryotes
Ans. Prokaryotes - unicellular organisms
Linear DNA is present
70 s ribosomes are present
Eg. Bacteria,cyanobacteria
Eukaryotes - multicullular
Both 70 s & 80 s ribosomes present
Eg. Algae, plants and animals
23.
Dear mam,
ReplyDeletethis is johnson (DZ-12).I am sending you the short notes for the sem-V and paper-5
unit-1
1.palsmid:
it is the circular extragenetic material present in the prokaryotic cell.
2.Mesosomes:
Mesosome is a inwordly finger like projection from the plasmamembrane in prokayotic cell. and its function is respiration. it is the unique feature of prokaryotic cell.
3.cell brain:
Nucleus is the cell brain because it controls all the action and carry the matabolic activity.
4.suisidal bags:
During the starvation lysomes die and give food to the protoplasm and thus known as suisidal bags.
5. Fluid mosaic model:
the fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the stucture of functionla cell membranes. according to this model,there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded.
unit:2
1.watson and crick model:
Eminant scientist watson and crick put forword the structure of DNA. It is a double stranded,helical molecule. it consists of two sugar phosphate backbones on the outside,held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogen bases on the inside.
for this purpose they are awarded nobel prize.
2.semiconservative model:
semiconservatice replication would produce two copies that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand. semiconcervative replication would leave the two original template DNA stands together in double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new two strands.
3.cloverleaf model
clover leaf model of tRNA is model that depicts the molecular structure of tRNA.The model revealded that the chain of tRNA consits of tow ends sometimes called business end and three arms.
4.definition of transdution:
the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a genetic vector and especially a bacteriophage called transduction
conjugation:
conjugation is the process by which one bactrium transfers genetic material to another through direct contect. during conjugation one bactrium serves as the donor of the genetic material and the other serves as the recipient. the donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor of F- Factor.
5.Translation
The entire process is called gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell.
unit :3
ReplyDelete1.low of dominance :
this law states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive.
segragation:
During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
2.test cross :the cross between F1 Progeny and recessive homozygous parent is called test cross.
Back cross:if F1 hybrid is crossed with one half its parents is called back cross.
3.Independant assortment:
Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. Independent assortment of genes and their corresponding traits was first observed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 during his studies of genetics in pea plants.
4.linkage
the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together.
crossing over:
Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes.
5. different between complete linkage and incomplete linkage:
Incomplete linkage:. Linkage between genes that exhibit some crossing over; intermediate in its effects between independent assortment and complete linkage.
Complete linkage:
complete linkage is defined as the state in which two loci are so close together that alleles of these loci are virtually never separated by crossing over. The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated by a crossing-over event.
Unit :4
1.Plant breeding and its objectives:
The phenomenon of development of new varieties of plants possessing desirable characters from the already existing varieties is called plant breeding.
Objectives:
1Higher productivity
2.Improved quality and quantity
3.Disease and insect resistance
2.Acclimatzation :
Acclimatization is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
3.Mass selection : it can be defined as selection of a number of phenotypically superior plants heads or seeds from the field population,harvesting and bulking their produce together for sowing the next year’s crop and repeating the process till desired characters are achieved
4.Pureline selection:
It can be defined as the process of isolating a de3sirable homozygous individual from the mixed population and multiplying the same without contamination to release as a new variety
5.clonal selection:
A variety that is propagated vegetative from a single plant is called clone or progeny of a single plant obtained by asexual reproduction is known as clone or all the vegetative progenies of a single plant are called clone.
Unit :5
1.Mutation :
Mutation refers to sudden heritable change in the phenotype of individual change in the phenotype of an individual.
2.mutational breeding :
Utilization of induced mutation for crop improvement is known as mutation breeding.
3.mutagen :
Physical or chemical agents which greatly enhance the mutation.
Mutagen agents:
bromine, sodium azide, psoralen, benzene, x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, ultraviolet radiation,
4.Two different types of chromosomal mutation:
mutations:deletion (1), duplication (2) and inversion (3). The two major two-chromosome mutations: insertion (1) and Translocation (2).
5.Define some clonal variation:
Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.. There are both benefits and disadvantages to somaclonalvariation. The phenomenon of high variability in individuals from plant cell cultures or adventitious shoots has been named somaclonal variation.
BY
JOHNSON
DZ-12
unit :3
ReplyDelete1.low of dominance :
this law states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive.
segragation:
During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
2.test cross :the cross between F1 Progeny and recessive homozygous parent is called test cross.
Back cross:if F1 hybrid is crossed with one half its parents is called back cross.
3.Independant assortment:
Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. Independent assortment of genes and their corresponding traits was first observed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 during his studies of genetics in pea plants.
4.linkage
the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together.
crossing over:
Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes.
5. different between complete linkage and incomplete linkage:
Incomplete linkage:. Linkage between genes that exhibit some crossing over; intermediate in its effects between independent assortment and complete linkage.
Complete linkage:
complete linkage is defined as the state in which two loci are so close together that alleles of these loci are virtually never separated by crossing over. The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated by a crossing-over event.
Unit :4
1.Plant breeding and its objectives:
The phenomenon of development of new varieties of plants possessing desirable characters from the already existing varieties is called plant breeding.
Objectives:
1Higher productivity
2.Improved quality and quantity
3.Disease and insect resistance
2.Acclimatzation :
Acclimatization is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
3.Mass selection : it can be defined as selection of a number of phenotypically superior plants heads or seeds from the field population,harvesting and bulking their produce together for sowing the next year’s crop and repeating the process till desired characters are achieved
4.Pureline selection:
It can be defined as the process of isolating a de3sirable homozygous individual from the mixed population and multiplying the same without contamination to release as a new variety
5.clonal selection:
A variety that is propagated vegetative from a single plant is called clone or progeny of a single plant obtained by asexual reproduction is known as clone or all the vegetative progenies of a single plant are called clone.
Unit :5
1.Mutation :
Mutation refers to sudden heritable change in the phenotype of individual change in the phenotype of an individual.
2.mutational breeding :
Utilization of induced mutation for crop improvement is known as mutation breeding.
3.mutagen :
Physical or chemical agents which greatly enhance the mutation.
Mutagen agents:
bromine, sodium azide, psoralen, benzene, x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, ultraviolet radiation,
4.Two different types of chromosomal mutation:
mutations:deletion (1), duplication (2) and inversion (3). The two major two-chromosome mutations: insertion (1) and Translocation (2).
5.Define some clonal variation:
Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.. There are both benefits and disadvantages to somaclonalvariation. The phenomenon of high variability in individuals from plant cell cultures or adventitious shoots has been named somaclonal variation.
BY
JOHNSON
DZ-12
p. Arunkumar
ReplyDeleteDB-04
Unit-1 questions
1.plasmid:-A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double standarded DNA molecules in bacteria ,however plasmids are sometimes present in archeae and eukaryotic Organisms.
2.Semi-autonomous cell organelles :-*Nucleus is an autonomous organelle in the cell.
*Mitochondria and plastids are semi autonomous organelles.
*Autonomous organelles are those which have the command of their own all over.
*Semi -autonomous organelles are dependent on autonomous organelles for some work.
3.suicidal bags :-Lysosomes are called suicidal bags. They are present only in animal cells. These are the digestive bodies which contains digestive enzymes. They are suicidal bags because when there is lack of oxygen and food they break to release the enzymes which digest the whole cell.
4.:Nuclosome model:-A nucleosome is a basic unit of DNA packaging in the eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound in sequence around eight histones protein cores. This structure is often
compared to thread wrapped around a spool.
5.why Plasma membrane is called selectively permeable membrane :-It is because, plasma membrane allows some material to pass through it while on the same time it blocks other materials from entering through it. In other words it selects materials that can enter the cell that's the reason it is called selectively permeable membrane.
Unit-2
ReplyDelete1.components and chemical composition of DNA:-DNA has 3types of chemical components, phosphate, a sugar called deoxyribose and four nitrogen bases -adenine ,guanine, cytosine and thymin. 2 of the bases, adenine and guanine, have a double ring structure characteristic of a type of chemical called purine.
2.Nucleoside:- A compound (such as guanosine or adenosine ) that consists of a purine or pyramidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose and is found especially in DNA or RNA.
Nucleotide:-A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
3.Semi conservative method of replication :-It would produce two copies that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand .Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs.
4.watson and crick:- *Watson and crick discovered the structure of DNA.
*They worked together on studying the stage DNA.
*The molecule that contains the hereditary information of the cells.
* They got noble price for thier work on DNA.
5.Difference between DNA and RNA. :-* DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose
.The only difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than deoxyribose, which has-H attached to the second carbon in the ring.
*DNA is the double stranded molecule which RNA is a single stranded molecule.
*DNA is stable under alkaline conditions while RNA is not stable.
*DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans.DNA Is responsible for sharing and transferring genetic information while RNA directly codes for amino acid and as acts as a manager between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins
D.Reena DZ15. 1.low of dominance :
ReplyDeletethis law states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive.
segragation:
During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
2.test cross :the cross between F1 Progeny and recessive homozygous parent is called test cross.
Back cross:if F1 hybrid is crossed with one half its parents is called back cross.
3.Independant assortment:
Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. Independent assortment of genes and their corresponding traits was first observed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 during his studies of genetics in pea plants.
4.linkage
the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together.
crossing over:
Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes.
5. different between complete linkage and incomplete linkage:
Incomplete linkage:. Linkage between genes that exhibit some crossing over; intermediate in its effects between independent assortment and complete linkage.
Complete linkage:
complete linkage is defined as the state in which two loci are so close together that alleles of these loci are virtually never separated by crossing over. The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated by a crossing-over event.
Unit :4
1.Plant breeding and its objectives:
The phenomenon of development of new varieties of plants possessing desirable characters from the already existing varieties is called plant breeding.
Objectives:
1Higher productivity
2.Improved quality and quantity
3.Disease and insect resistance
2.Acclimatzation :
Acclimatization is the process in which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment (such as a change in altitude, temperature, humidity, photoperiod, or pH), allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions.
3.Mass selection : it can be defined as selection of a number of phenotypically superior plants heads or seeds from the field population,harvesting and bulking their produce together for sowing the next year’s crop and repeating the process till desired characters are achieved
4.Pureline selection:
It can be defined as the process of isolating a de3sirable homozygous individual from the mixed population and multiplying the same without contamination to release as a new variety
5.clonal selection:
A variety that is propagated vegetative from a single plant is called clone or progeny of a single plant obtained by asexual reproduction is known as clone or all the vegetative progenies of a single plant are called clone.
Unit :5
1.Mutation :
Mutation refers to sudden heritable change in the phenotype of individual change in the phenotype of an individual.
2.mutational breeding :
Utilization of induced mutation for crop improvement is known as mutation breeding.
3.mutagen :
Physical or chemical agents which greatly enhance the mutation.
Mutagen agents:
bromine, sodium azide, psoralen, benzene, x-rays, gamma rays, alpha particles, ultraviolet radiation,
4.Two different types of chromosomal mutation:
mutations:deletion (1), duplication (2) and inversion (3). The two major two-chromosome mutations: insertion (1) and Translocation (2).
5.Define some clonal variation:
Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture.. There are both benefits and disadvantages to somaclonalvariation. The phenomenon of high variability in individuals from plant cell cultures or adventitious shoots has been named somaclonal variation.