The Department of Botany organized one day Workshop on Assembly and Usage of Foldscope” on 17th July 2018 for Degree Students and PG students. Dr. Ch. Tulasi, Lect. In Zoology, Govt. Women’s College, Guntur, was the Resource person.
Epiphyllum oxypetalum
dear mam,
ReplyDeletethis is johnson (DZ-12).I am sending you the short notes for the sem-V and paper-5
unit-1
1.palsmid:
it is the circular extragenetic material present in the prokaryotic cell.
2.Mesosomes:
Mesosome is a inwordly finger like projection from the plasmamembrane in prokayotic cell. and its function is respiration. it is the unique feature of prokaryotic cell.
3.cell brain:
Nucleus is the cell brain because it controls all the action and carry the matabolic activity.
4.suisidal bags:
During the starvation lysomes die and give food to the protoplasm and thus known as suisidal bags.
5. Fluid mosaic model:
the fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the stucture of functionla cell membranes. according to this model,there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded.
unit:2
1.watson and crick model:
Eminant scientist watson and crick put forword the structure of DNA. It is a double stranded,helical molecule. it consists of two sugar phosphate backbones on the outside,held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogen bases on the inside.
for this purpose they are awarded nobel prize.
2.semiconservative model:
semiconservatice replication would produce two copies that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand. semiconcervative replication would leave the two original template DNA stands together in double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new two strands.
3.cloverleaf model
clover leaf model of tRNA is model that depicts the molecular structure of tRNA.The model revealded that the chain of tRNA consits of tow ends sometimes called business end and three arms.
4.definition of transdution:
the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a genetic vector and especially a bacteriophage called transduction
conjugation:
conjugation is the process by which one bactrium transfers genetic material to another through direct contect. during conjugation one bactrium serves as the donor of the genetic material and the other serves as the recipient. the donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor of F- Factor.
5.Translation
The entire process is called gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell.
unit :3
1.low of dominance :
this law states that one of the factors for a pair of inherited traits will be dominant and the other recessive, unless both factors are recessive.
segragation:
During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.
2.test cross :the cross between F1 Progeny and recessive homozygous parent is called test cross.
Back cross:if F1 hybrid is crossed with one half its parents is called back cross.
3.Independant assortment:
Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. Independent assortment of genes and their corresponding traits was first observed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 during his studies of genetics in pea plants.
4.linkage
the nearer two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the chance of recombination between them, and the more likely they are to be inherited together.
crossing over:
Crossing over is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called recombination. It occurs during meiosis. Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes.
5.
DEAR JOHNSON,
DeleteWRITE FULL QUESTION.
MORE SPACE IS NOT REQUIRED BETWEEN THE QUESTIONS
Good evening mam, this is N. prashanth kumar NB-37, submitting my botany assignment
ReplyDelete12. Define Helobial type of endosperm?
A. It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.
13.Mention the differences between dicot and monocot embryos?
A. Monocots : 1. contains one cotyledon
2. usually parallel venation
3. vascular bundales are usually complexy arranged.
4. fibrous root system is present
5. floral parts are usually in multiples of three
Dicots : 1. contains 2 cotyledons
2. usually veins are network like
3. vascular bundles are usually arranged in rings
4. tap root system is present
5. floral parts are usually in the multiples of four or five
14. Define scutellum?
A. The large, shield-shaped cotyledon of the embryo of a grass plant, specialized for the absorption of food from the endosperm.The scutellum is considered to represent the first leaf or cotyledon.
15. Define polyembryony?
A. the production of more than one embryo from one egg is known as polyembryony.
Good afternoon madam this is b.karthik nb- 39 i am submitting my assaingment madam
ReplyDelete1. Define embryology name eminent indian embryologyst
A. a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development.
2.tapetum
A.The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall.
3 . endothelium
A.As part of pollen development, the cells lining the anther lumen a layer known as the endothecium
4.microspore
A.Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes.
5.what is palenology
A.Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms
6.what is megasporongium mention the types
ReplyDeleteA.female sporangia) produce megasporocytes (megameiocytes) that yield megaspores. The sporangia may be borne in specialized structures such as sori in ferns, cones
. Anatropous Hemitropous Camplylotropous Amphidropou Circinotropous
7.define monospory
A.asexual spores of only one kind.
8.define fertilization who coined the term
Aprocess of fertilizing an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Spallanzani founded the term fertilization
9.define syngamy
A.
the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction Is called as syngamy
10.define double fertilization
A.Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants. This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte with two male gametes.this process is known as double fertilization
11.what is endosperm
ReplyDeleteAThe endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization
12.what is ruminent endosperm
A.Ruminate endosperm, the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.
13.diffarence between monocot and dicot embryos
A.monocot embryos
Monocot embryo has protective sheaths called as coleoptile covering the plumule and coleorrhiza covering the radicle Monocot embryo has an endosperm to nourish the embryo
Dicot embryos
Dicot embryo mostly does not have an endosperm to nourish itDicot embryo is enclosed in between two cotyledons.
14.what is suttelum
A.The scutellum is part of the structure of a barley and rice seed—the modified seed leaf.
15.what is polyembryony
Athe formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed is called as scuttelum
This is NB-12
ReplyDeleteK.keerthi submitting my botany assignment
1.Define embrology. Name the imminent Indian embryologists.
Ans. Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryoes and fetuses. The imminent Indian embryologist is Panchanan Maheswari.
2. What is tapetum?
Ans. Tapetum is the inner most layer of anther wall and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
3. What is Endothecium?
Ans. Endothecium is the layer of cells present inner to epidermis in anther wall.
4. What is Microspore ?
Ans. Microspore is the pollen grain of seed plant.
5. What is Palynology?
Ans. Palynology is the study of external morphology of pollen grains and spores .
6. What is Megasporangium ? Mention the types.
Ans. The formation of four haploid megaspores from megaspore mother cell through meiosis.
The types are :
1. Linear
2. T-shaped
3. Inverted T-shaped
4. Isobilateral
7. Define Monosporic, Bisporic, Tetrasporic.
Ans. Monosporic: The embryo sac which is derived from only one of the four megaspores. All the nuclei in such embryo sac are genetically identical, because they are derived through mitoses of a single nucleus.
Bisporic: The first meiotic division in megaspore mother cell results in two dyad cells. Only one of the dyad cells undergoes the second meiotic division, but no wall formation occurs. So the resulting two megaspore nuclei contribute in the formation of embryo sac.
Tetrasporic: All the four nuclei of the coenomegaspore take part in the formation of tetrasporic embryo sac. In this type there is no wall foramtion.
8. Define fertilization. Who coined the term syngamy.
Ans. The fusion of male gamete with the female gamete is known as fertilization. Syngamy term was coined by Stras burger(1884).
9. Define Double fertilization and Triple fusion.
Ans. In angiosperms, the two main gametes relased in to the embryo sac take part in fertilization. One of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus resulting in a zygote. The other male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus forming primary endosperm nucleus. This is known as double fertilization.
Triple fusion: The union of one male nucleus with secondary nucleus is known as triple fusion. As it involves the union of three nuclei the resultant is called primary endosperm nucleus.
10. What is Endosperm and its types?
Ans. Endosprerm is most common nutritive tissue for the developing embryos in angiosperms.
There are three types:
1. Nuclear Endosperm
2. Cellular Endosperm
3. Helobial Endosperm
11. What is Ruminate Endosperm?
Ans. Mature endosperm with some degree of irregularity and unevenness in its surface contour is called Ruminate endosperm.
12. What is Helobial Endosperm?
Ans. The primary endosperm nucleus moves towards the chalazal end of the embryo sac. Here it divides to form a large micropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber.
13. Difference between dicot and monocot embryos.
Ans. Dicot: There are two cotyledons attached to embryonal axis. Coleoptile is absent. Scutellum is absent.
Monocot: Only one cotyledon attached to the embryonal axis. The envolpe of plumule is called coleoptile. Scutellum is present.
14. What is Scutellum?
Ans. The single cotyledon of a monocot embryo is known as Scutellum
15. What is Polyembryony ?
Ans:The occurence of more than one embryo in a seed is known as polyembryony.
16. Mention the objectives of polyembyrony.
Ans:1. cleavage of the embryo.
2. formation of embryosacs form other cells of the embryosacs.
3. for the development of one than one embryosac within the same ovule.
DEAR K.keerthi
DeleteNO NEED OF DOUBLE SPACE
TAPETUM,MICROSPORE AND ENDOTHECIUM INFORMATION NOT SUFFICIENT.
This is M.raviteja
ReplyDeleteNB-42 this is my botany assignment.
1.Define embrology. Name the imminent Indian embryologists.
Ans. Embryology is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes, fertilization, and development of embryoes and fetuses. The imminent Indian embryologist is Panchanan Maheswari.
2. What is tapetum?
Ans. Tapetum is the inner most layer of anther wall and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
3. What is Endothecium?
Ans. Endothecium is the layer of cells present inner to epidermis in anther wall.
4. What is Microspore ?
Ans. Microspore is the pollen grain of seed plant.
5. What is Palynology?
Ans. Palynology is the study of external morphology of pollen grains and spores .
6. What is Megasporangium ? Mention the types.
Ans. The formation of four haploid megaspores from megaspore mother cell through meiosis.
The types are :
1. Linear
2. T-shaped
3. Inverted T-shaped
4. Isobilateral
7. Define Monosporic, Bisporic, Tetrasporic.
Ans. Monosporic: The embryo sac which is derived from only one of the four megaspores. All the nuclei in such embryo sac are genetically identical, because they are derived through mitoses of a single nucleus.
Bisporic: The first meiotic division in megaspore mother cell results in two dyad cells. Only one of the dyad cells undergoes the second meiotic division, but no wall formation occurs. So the resulting two megaspore nuclei contribute in the formation of embryo sac.
Tetrasporic: All the four nuclei of the coenomegaspore take part in the formation of tetrasporic embryo sac. In this type there is no wall foramtion.
8. Define fertilization. Who coined the term syngamy.
Ans. The fusion of male gamete with the female gamete is known as fertilization. Syngamy term was coined by Stras burger(1884).
9. Define Double fertilization and Triple fusion.
Ans. In angiosperms, the two main gametes relased in to the embryo sac take part in fertilization. One of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus resulting in a zygote. The other male gamete fuses with the secondary nucleus forming primary endosperm nucleus. This is known as double fertilization.
Triple fusion: The union of one male nucleus with secondary nucleus is known as triple fusion. As it involves the union of three nuclei the resultant is called primary endosperm nucleus.
10. What is Endosperm and its types?
Ans. Endosprerm is most common nutritive tissue for the developing embryos in angiosperms.
There are three types:
1. Nuclear Endosperm
2. Cellular Endosperm
3. Helobial Endosperm
11. What is Ruminate Endosperm?
Ans. Mature endosperm with some degree of irregularity and unevenness in its surface contour is called Ruminate endosperm.
12. What is Helobial Endosperm?
Ans. The primary endosperm nucleus moves towards the chalazal end of the embryo sac. Here it divides to form a large micropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber.
13. Difference between dicot and monocot embryos.
Ans. Dicot: There are two cotyledons attached to embryonal axis. Coleoptile is absent. Scutellum is absent.
Monocot: Only one cotyledon attached to the embryonal axis. The envolpe of plumule is called coleoptile. Scutellum is present.
14. What is Scutellum?
Ans. The single cotyledon of a monocot embryo is known as Scutellum
15. What is Polyembryony ?
Ans:The occurence of more than one embryo in a seed is known as polyembryony.
16. Mention the objectives of polyembyrony.
Ans:1. cleavage of the embryo.
2. formation of embryosacs form other cells of the embryosacs.
3. for the development of one than one embryosac within the same ovule.
DEAR M.raviteja
DeleteWRITE YOUR NAME PROPERLY
GOOD PRESENTATION.
DOUBLE SPACE NOT REQUIRED
Mama I'm Nb (35) here is my assignment
ReplyDeletePOLYEMBRONY
Polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg.[1][2][3] Due to the embryos resulting from the same egg, the embryos are identical to one another, but are genetically diverse from the parents.[1][2] The genetic difference between the offspring and the parents, but the similarity among siblings, are significant distinctions between polyembryony and the process of budding and typical sexual reproduction.[2] Polyembryony can occur in humans, resulting in identical twins, though the process is random and at a low frequency.[1] Polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants.
OBJECTIVES OF POLYEMBRYONY:
To increase the probability of survival under varied conditions.
Formation of more than one embryosacs within the same ovule.
High density cultivation of plants.
FERTLIZATION IN PLANTS
ReplyDeleteThe gametes that participate in fertilisation of plants are the pollen (male), and the egg (female) cell. Various families of plants have differing methods by which the female gametophyte is fertilized. In Bryophyte land plants, fertilisation takes place within the archegonium. In flowering plants a second fertilisation event involves another sperm cell and the central cell which is a second female gamete. In flowering plants there are two sperm from each pollen grain.
In seed plants, after pollination, a pollen grain germinates, and a pollen tube grows and penetrates the ovule through a tiny pore called a micropyle. The sperm are transferred from the pollen through the pollen tube to the ovule.DOUBLE FERTLIZATION
Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants (angiosperms). This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte (megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac) with two male gametes (sperm). It begins when a pollen grain adheres to the stigma of the carpel, the female reproductive structure of a flower. The pollen grain then takes in moisture and begins to germinate, forming a pollen tube that extends down toward the ovary through the style. The tip of the pollen tube then enters the ovary and penetrates through the micropyle opening in the ovule. The pollen tube proceeds to release the two sperm in the megagametophyte.
DEAR Sai Durga Prasad,
DeleteLENGHTY QUESTION
TRIPLE FISION
ReplyDeleteTriple fusion is the fusion of the male gamete with two polar nuclei inside the embryo sac of the angiosperm.
This process of fusion takes place inside the embryo sac.
When pollen grains fall on the stigma, they germinate and give rise to the pollen tube that passes through the style and enters into the ovule. After this, the pollen tube enters one of synergids and releases two male gametes there. Out of the two male gametes, one gamete fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell and forms the zygote (syngamy). The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei present in the central cell to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus. Since this process involves the fusion of three haploid nuclei, it is known as triple fusion. It results in the formation of the endosperm.
One male gamete nucleus and two polar nuclei are involved in this process.
ENDOSPERM
The endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in the human diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut "meat" and coconut "water",[1] and corn. Some plants, such as orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.
Types
(i) Nuclear type:
In nuclear type of endosperm the first division of primary endosperm nucleus and few subsequent nuclear divisions are not accompanied by wall formation. The nuclei produced are free in the cytoplasm of the embryo sac and they may remain free indefinitely or wall formation takes place later. In the coconut, cell wall formation of endosperm is never found complete. In Areca and Phoenix the endosperm becomes very hard (Fig. 2.29 A).
(ii) Cellular type:
In this case, there is cytokinesis after each nuclear division of endosperm nucleus. The endosperm, thus, has a cellular form, from the very beginning because first and subsequent divisions are all accompanied by wall formation e.g. Petunia, Datura, Adoxa, etc. (Fig.2.29C).
(iii) Helobial type:
It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.
RUMINATE ENDOSPERM
the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.
Ruminate endosperm forms when the seed coat intrudes inward via meristematic growth. In palms, growth of the seed coat may intrude the young endosperm.
HELOBAL ENDOSPERM
It is an intermediate type between the nuclear and cellular types. The first division is accompanied by cytokinesis but the subsequent ones are free nuclear. The chamber towards micropylar end of embryo sac is usually much larger than the chamber towards chalazal end.
DICOT
Two cotyledons
scutellum absent
reticulate venation
tap root system
MONOCOTS
single cotyledon
scutellum present
parallel venation
adventitious system
SCUTELLUM
The scutellum (from the Latin scutella meaning "small shield") can also refer to the equivalence of a thin cotyledon in monocots (especially members of the grass family). It is very thin with high surface area, and serves to absorb nutrients from the endosperm during germination.[2]
The scutellum is believed to contain an as yet unidentified protein transporter that facilitates starch movement from the endosperm to the embryo.
1)EMBRYOLOGY
ReplyDeleteEmbryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes
Robert,Heinz Christian Pander,Everett Just, and Edward B. Lewis.
2)TAPETAUM
The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.[1]
Two main tapetum types are recognised, secretory (glandular)and plasmodial (amoeboid).
3)ENDOTHECIUM
1. (fibrous layer) In angiosperms, the layer of cells lying beneath the epidermis of the wall of the anther. As the anther matures, thickenings often develop in the cell walls of the endothecium, probably aiding dehiscence.
2. In Bryophyta, the inner layer of cells in the young sporophyte.
4)MICROSPORES
Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote. Megaspores are structures that are part of the alternation of generations in many seedless vascular cryptogams, all gymnosperms and all angiosperms. Plants with heterosporous life cycles using microspores and megaspores arose independently in several plant groups during the Devonian period.Microspores are haploid, and are produced from diploid microsporocytes by meiosis.
5)PALANOLOGY
Palynology is the "study of dust" (from Greek: παλύνω palunō, "strew, sprinkle"[2] and -logy) or "particles that are strewn". A classic palynologist analyses particulate samples collected from the air, from water, or from deposits including sediments of any age. The condition and identification of those particles, organic and inorganic, give the palynologist clues to the life, environment, and energetic conditions that produced them.
By the late 1870s, as optical microscopes improved and the principles of stratigraphy were worked out, Robert Kidston and P. Reinsch
6)MEGASPORANGIUM
In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: The integument(s), forming its outer layer(s), the nucellus (or remnant of the megasporangium), and the female gametophyte (formed from a haploid megaspore) in its center. The female gametophyte — specifically termed a megagametophyte— is also called the embryo sac in angiosperms. The megagametophyte produces an egg cell (or several in some groups) for the purpose of fertilization.
Types of ovules
Types of ovule
There are six types of ovules:
1. Orthotropous or atropous ovule
(ortho-straight, tropous - turn)
The body of the ovule is erect or straight. The hilum, chalaza and the micropyle lie in a straight line e.g.Polygonum.
2. Anatropous ovule
(ana - backward or up, tropous - turn)
The body of the ovule becomes completely inverted during the development so that the micropyle lies very close to the hilum (eg) Gamopetalae members.
3. Hemi-anatropous or hemitropous ovule
The body of the ovule is placed transversely at right angles to the funicle. The micropyle and chalaza lie in one straight line e.g.Ranunculus.
4. Campylotropous ovule
(kampylos - curved)
The body of the ovule is curved or bent round so that the micropyle and chalaza do not lie in the same straight line. e.g. Leguminosae.
5. Amphitropous ovule
The curvature of the ovule is very much pronounced and the embryosac also becomes curved e.g.Allismaceae, and Butomaceae.
6. Circinotropous ovule
The nucellus and the axis are in the same line in the beginning but due to rapid growth on one side, the ovule becomes anatropous. The curvature continues further and the micropyle again points upwards (e.g.) Opuntia.
DEAR Sai Durga Prasad,
DeleteGOOD PRESENTATION.
DOUBLE SPACE NOT REQUIRED.
7)MONOSPORIC,BISPORIC&TETRASPORIC EMBRYO
ReplyDeleteMonosporic — In this type of development 3 megaspores of tetrad get degenerate one remain functional and forms embryosac.
Bisporic — when two megasporic nuclei takes part in formation of embryosac. Both the nuclei are genetically different.
Tetrasporic — In this type due to failure of cytokinesis I and II a four nucleate coenomegaspore tetrad is formed and all 4 nuclei participate in formation of embryosac.
Hi Madam,
ReplyDeleteThis is M.Sruthi from NB section,Regd No.172406.
1.Define Embryology.Name the imminant Indian embryologist.
Ans:It is the branch of biology that deals with the "Stdy of embryos" but in general terms,it include the sex organ development,male and female gamates formation,fertilization,endosperm and emryo formation.The imminant Indian embryologist is Panchanan Maheswari.
2.Define Tapetum.
Ans:Tapetum is the inner most layer of anther wall and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
3.Define Endothecium.
Ans:It is remarkably identified by their radially elongated structure.It is rarely multilayered and it produces "Fibrous bands" which helps in time of anther dehiscence.
4.Define Microspore.
Ans:It is formed by microsporogenesis and is responsible for the development of male gametophyte.These are the results of meiosis and usually smaller in size.
5.What is Palynology?
Ans:Palynology is the study of external morphology of pollen grains and spores.
6.What is Megaspoangium?Mension the types.
Ans:The formation of four haploid megaspores from megaspore mother cell through meiosis.
The types are,
1.Linear.
2.T-Shaped.
3.Inverted T-Shaped.
4.Isobilateral.
7.Define Monosporic,Bisporic,Tetrasporic.
Ans:Monosporic:The embryosac which is derived from only one of the four megaspores.All the nuclei in such embryosac are generally identical,because they are derived through mitosis of a single nucleus.
Bisporic:The first meiotic division in megaspore mither cell results in two dyad cells.Only one of the dyed cells undergoes the second meiotic division,but no wall formation occurs.So the resulting two microspore nuclei contribute in the formation of the embryosac.
Tetrasporic:All the four nuclei of the coenomegaspore take part in the formation of tetrasporic embryosac.In this type,there is no wall formation.
8.Define Fertilization.Who coined the term Syngamy?
Ans:The fusion of male gamate with the female gamate is known as fertilization.Syngamy term was ciined by Stras burger(1884).
9.Define Double fertilization and Triple fusion.
Ans:Double fertilization:In angiosperms,the two main gamates released into the embryosac,take part in fertilization.One of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus resulting in a zygote.The other male gamate fuses with the secondary nucleus forming primary endosperm nucleus.
Triple fusion:The union of one male nucleus with secondary nucleus is known as Triple fusion.As it involves the union of three nuclei,the resultant is called primary endosperm nucleus.
10.Define Endospem and Mension it's types.
Ans:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types.
They are,
1.Nuclear Endosperm.
2.cellular Endosperm.
3.Helobial Endosperm.
There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.
11.What is Ruminate Endisperm?
Ans:Maturity endosperm with some degree of irregularity and unevenness in it's surface counter is called Ruminate endosperm.
12.What is Helobial Endosperm?
Ans:The primary endosperm nucleus moves towards the chalazal end of the embryo sac.Here it divides to form a large mycropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber.
DEAR M.Sruthi,
DeleteGOOD
Hi Madam,
ReplyDeleteThis is M.Sruthi from NB section,Regd No.172406.
13.Mension the differences between Dicot and Monocot embryo.
Ans:Dicot embryo:An embryo with 2 cotyledons and plumule is distal. Coleoptile,Coleorhiza are absent and Scutellum is also absent.
Monocot embryo: An embryo with 1 cotyledon and plumule is lateral.coleoptile,coleorhiza are present and Scutellum is also present.
14.Define Scutellum.
Ans:It is the charecteristic feature of monocot only.The monocot consists of a large and sheild shaped cotyledon known as "Scutellum".
15.Define Polyembryony.
Ans:The formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed.
16.Mension the objectives of the "Polyembryony".
Ans:Objectives of Polyembryony:
1.To determine whether Polyembryony confers a competitive advantage to V.rossicum.
2.Assess whether this advantage,if present,is more pronounced in intra or inter specific competition.
3.To determine whether the competitive advantage,is present,is proportional to the number of embryos per seed.
THANK YOU MADAM.
DEAR SRUTHI,
DeleteDOUBLE SPACE NOT REQUIRED.
Good morning madam this is ajay Nb - 44, I am submitting my assignment here madam
ReplyDeleteDefine embryology name eminent indian embryologyst
A. a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development.
2.tapetum
A.The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall.
3 . endothelium
A.As part of pollen development, the cells lining the anther lumen a layer known as the endothecium
4.microspore
A.Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas megaspores develop into female gametophytes.
5.what is palenology
A.Palynology is the study of plant pollen, spores and certain microscopic plankton organisms
DEAR jetty ajay,
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This is ajay NB 44 second part of my assignment on embryology
ReplyDelete6.what is megasporongium mention the types
A.female sporangia) produce megasporocytes (megameiocytes) that yield megaspores. The sporangia may be borne in specialized structures such as sori in ferns, cones
. Anatropous Hemitropous Camplylotropous Amphidropou Circinotropous
7.define monospory
A.asexual spores of only one kind.
8.define fertilization who coined the term
Aprocess of fertilizing an egg or a female animal or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote Spallanzani founded the term fertilization
9.define syngamy
A.
the fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction Is called as syngamy
10.define double fertilization
A.Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants. This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte with two male gametes.this process is known
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11.what is endosperm
ReplyDeleteAThe endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization
12.what is ruminent endosperm
A.Ruminate endosperm, the condition in which the endosperm is dissected by in-growths of the seed coat, is a common condition in the palms.
13.diffarence between monocot and dicot embryos
A.monocot embryos
Monocot embryo has protective sheaths called as coleoptile covering the plumule and coleorrhiza covering the radicle Monocot embryo has an endosperm to nourish the embryo
Dicot embryos
Dicot embryo mostly does not have an endosperm to nourish itDicot embryo is enclosed in between two cotyledons.
14.what is suttelum
A.The scutellum is part of the structure of a barley and rice seed—the modified seed leaf.
This is ajay NB 44 submitting my remaining part of assignment
15.what is polyembryony
Athe formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed is called as scuttelum
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Hi mam
ReplyDeleteI am P.Tejaraghu of nb25 submitting assignment
2)TAPETAUM
The tapetum is a specialised layer of nutritive cells found within the anther, of flowering plants, where it is located between the sporangenous tissue and the anther wall. Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for the pollen coat.[1]
Two main tapetum types are recognised, secretory (glandular)and plasmodial (amoeboid
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Hi mam
ReplyDeleteI am T.vamsisagar of nb-07 submitting assignment
1.Define Embryology.Name the imminant Indian embryologist.
Ans:It is the branch of biology that deals with the "Stdy of embryos" but in general terms,it include the sex organ development,male and female gamates formation,fertilization,endosperm and emryo formation.The imminant Indian embryologist is Panchanan Maheswari.
2.Define Tapetum.
Ans:Tapetum is the inner most layer of anther wall and completely surrounds the sporogenous tissue.
3.Define Endothecium.
Ans:It is remarkably identified by their radially elongated structure.It is rarely multilayered and it produces "Fibrous bands" which helps in time of anther dehiscence.
4.Define Microspore.
Ans:It is formed by microsporogenesis and is responsible for the development of male gametophyte.These are the results of meiosis and usually smaller in size.
5.What is Palynology?
Ans:Palynology is the study of external morphology of pollen grains and spores.
6.What is Megaspoangium?Mension the types.
Ans:The formation of four haploid megaspores from megaspore mother cell through meiosis.
The types are,
1.Linear.
2.T-Shaped.
3.Inverted T-Shaped.
4.Isobilateral.
7.Define Monosporic,Bisporic,Tetrasporic.
Ans:Monosporic:The embryosac which is derived from only one of the four megaspores.All the nuclei in such embryosac are generally identical,because they are derived through mitosis of a single nucleus.
Bisporic:The first meiotic division in megaspore mither cell results in two dyad cells.Only one of the dyed cells undergoes the second meiotic division,but no wall formation occurs.So the resulting two microspore nuclei contribute in the formation of the embryosac.
Tetrasporic:All the four nuclei of the coenomegaspore take part in the formation of tetrasporic embryosac.In this type,there is no wall formation.
8.Define Fertilization.Who coined the term Syngamy?
Ans:The fusion of male gamate with the female gamate is known as fertilization.Syngamy term was ciined by Stras burger(1884).
9.Define Double fertilization and Triple fusion.
Ans:Double fertilization:In angiosperms,the two main gamates released into the embryosac,take part in fertilization.One of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus resulting in a zygote.The other male gamate fuses with the secondary nucleus forming primary endosperm nucleus.
Triple fusion:The union of one male nucleus with secondary nucleus is known as Triple fusion.As it involves the union of three nuclei,the resultant is called primary endosperm nucleus.
10.Define Endospem and Mension it's types.
Ans:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types.
They are,
1.Nuclear Endosperm.
2.cellular Endosperm.
3.Helobial Endosperm.
There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.
11.What is Ruminate Endisperm?
Ans:Maturity endosperm with some degree of irregularity and unevenness in it's surface counter is called Ruminate endosperm.
12.What is Helobial Endosperm?
Ans:The primary endosperm nucleus moves towards the chalazal end of the embryo sac.Here it divides to form a large mycropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber.
DEAR T.vamsisagar of nb-07,
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Good evening madam iaam supriya submitting my assaingment
ReplyDeleteDefine Fertilization.Who coined the term Syngamy?
Ans:The fusion of male gamate with the female gamate is known as fertilization.Syngamy term was ciined by Stras burger(1884).
9.Define Double fertilization and Triple fusion.
Ans:Double fertilization:In angiosperms,the two main gamates released into the embryosac,take part in fertilization.One of the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus resulting in a zygote.The other male gamate fuses with the secondary nucleus forming primary endosperm nucleus.
Triple fusion:The union of one male nucleus with secondary nucleus is known as Triple fusion.As it involves the union of three nuclei,the resultant is called primary endosperm nucleus.
10.Define Endospem and Mension it's types.
Ans:The endosperms are very vital parts of the fertilized embryo.An endosperm forms the surrounding tissue of the growing embryo.The primary endosperm nucleus divides repeatedly.It forms polyploidy nutritive tissue called endosperm.These are of 3 types.
They are,
1.Nuclear Endosperm.
2.cellular Endosperm.
3.Helobial Endosperm.
There is a special type of endosperm called as Ruminate endosperm.
11.What is Ruminate Endisperm?
Ans:Maturity endosperm with some degree of irregularity and unevenness in it's surface counter is called Ruminate endosperm.
12.What is Helobial Endosperm?
Ans:The primary endosperm nucleus moves towards the chalazal end of the embryo sac.Here it divides to form a large mycropylar chamber and a small chalazal chamber.
DEAR supriya nb- 40,
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Good evening madam i am supriya nb- 40 submitting my assaingment
ReplyDelete13. Difference between dicot and monocot embryos.
Ans. Dicot: There are two cotyledons attached to embryonal axis. Coleoptile is absent. Scutellum is absent.
Monocot: Only one cotyledon attached to the embryonal axis. The envolpe of plumule is called coleoptile. Scutellum is present.
14. What is Scutellum?
Ans. The single cotyledon of a monocot embryo is known as Scutellum
15. What is Polyembryony ?
Ans:The occurence of more than one embryo in a seed is known as polyembryony.
16. Mention the objectives of polyembyrony.
Ans:1. cleavage of the embryo.
2. formation of embryosacs form other cells of the embryosacs.
3. for the development of one than one embryosac within the same ovule.
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D Reena DZ15 unit-1
ReplyDelete1.palsmid:
it is the circular extragenetic material present in the prokaryotic cell.
2.Mesosomes:
Mesosome is a inwordly finger like projection from the plasmamembrane in prokayotic cell. and its function is respiration. it is the unique feature of prokaryotic cell.
3.cell brain:
Nucleus is the cell brain because it controls all the action and carry the matabolic activity.
4.suisidal bags:
During the starvation lysomes die and give food to the protoplasm and thus known as suisidal bags.
5. Fluid mosaic model:
the fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the stucture of functionla cell membranes. according to this model,there is a lipid bilayer in which the protein molecules are embedded.
unit:2
1.watson and crick model:
Eminant scientist watson and crick put forword the structure of DNA. It is a double stranded,helical molecule. it consists of two sugar phosphate backbones on the outside,held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogen bases on the inside.
for this purpose they are awarded nobel prize.
2.semiconservative model:
semiconservatice replication would produce two copies that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand. semiconcervative replication would leave the two original template DNA stands together in double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new two strands.
3.cloverleaf model
clover leaf model of tRNA is model that depicts the molecular structure of tRNA.The model revealded that the chain of tRNA consits of tow ends sometimes called business end and three arms.
4.definition of transdution:
the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a genetic vector and especially a bacteriophage called transduction
conjugation:
conjugation is the process by which one bactrium transfers genetic material to another through direct contect. during conjugation one bactrium serves as the donor of the genetic material and the other serves as the recipient. the donor bacterium carries a DNA sequence called the fertility factor of F- Factor.
5.Translation
The entire process is called gene expression. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The polypeptide later folds into an active protein and performs its functions in the cell.
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P.sailaja
ReplyDeleteDz-42
***BOTANY 5TH SEMESTER ASSIGNMENT ***
TITLE:CELL BIOLOGY,GENETICS & PLANT BREEDING
unit-1
1.what is plasmid?
It is the circular extragenetic material present in the prokaryotic CELL.
2.Define mesosomes.
Mesosome is a inwardly finger like projection from the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cell& its function is respiration. It is the unique feature of prokaryotic cell.
3.what is cell brain?
Nucleus is the cell brain because it controls all the action & carry the metabolic activity.
4.Define suicidal bags.
During the starvation lysosomes die & give food to the protoplasm & thus knownas suicidal bags.
5.what is fluid mosaic model?
The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of function cell membranes, According to this model there is a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules are embedded.
Unit2
6.what are the components and chemical composition of DNA?
DNA has three typesof chemical components, phosphate, a sugar called deoxyribose & four nitrogen bases i.e adenine, guanine, cytosine & thymine.Two of the bases adenine & guanine have a double ring structure characteristics of a type of chemical called a purine.
7.what are the differences between DNA & RNA?
*DNA is double stranded molecule while RNA is single stranded.
*DNA is stable under alkaline conditions while RNA is unstable.
*DNA contains sugar deoxyribose while RNA contains the sugar ribose.The only difference between ribose & deoxyribose in that ribose has one more OH group then deoxyribose which has attached to the second carbon in the ring.
8.Watson and crick?
They worked together on studying the stage DNA. The molecules that contains the hereditary information of the cells.
9.semi conservative method of replication.
It would be produced two copies that each contains one of the original strand & one New strand. Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strand together in a double helix & would produced a copy composed of two new strand containing of two New strand containing all of New DNA basepairs.
10.what is nucleoside and nucleotide?
Compounds such as (guanosine & adenosine) that containing of purine or pyramidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose & is found especially in DNA or RNA.
Unit3
11.Define the dominant character & recessive character.
Dominant character:It is the phenomenon where the characters are expressed phenotypically both in homozygous condition & heterozygous conditions is called dominant character
Eg:Tall×dwarf-heights
Round×wrinkle-shapes
Recessive character:The character which is not expressed phenotypically in heterozygous conditions
Eg;Dwarf-height of a PLANT.
Wrinkle-shape of a PLANT.
12.Define back cross& test cross.
Back cross:if a cross is made between f1-hybrid with any one of it's parent.
Test cross:The cross between f1-hybrid with its recessive parent is called test cross.
13.What is monohybrid cross & Dihybrid cross?
Monohybrid cross:If a cross is made between two individuals differ in one character
Dihybrid cross:If a cross is made between two individuals differ in two contrasting characters
14.Explain the terms a,homozygous condition
b,heterozygous condition c,gene.
a,Homozygous condition:An organism is
having two similar or identical alleles for a single character (T,t)
b,Heterozygous condition:An individual having two different types of alleles for a single character.
C,gene:It is the unit of inheritance & contains the information required to express the characters
15.Define law of segregation.
Mendal law of segregation States that "the two individuals of a gene when present together in a heterozygous conditions, do not fuse or blent"in any way but remains distinct & segregate during meiosis or in the formation of gamets so that each meoitic product or gamete will carry only one of them.
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ANSWERS ARE VERY BRIEF FOR FEW QUESTIONS.
NO COMAS, FULL STOPS IN THE SENTENCES.
P.sailaja
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Assignment continuation......,,,,,,
Unit 4
16.Mention plant breeding and it's objectives.
The phenomenon of development of new varieties of PLANT possessing desirable characters from the already existing varieties is called plant breeding.
Objectives :
1.Higher productivity
2.Improved quality and quantity
3.Disease and insect resistance
17.what is Acclimatization?
Acclimatization is the process in which an individual organisms adjusts to a change in its environmental,allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions
18.Define mass selection.
It can be defined as selection of a number of phenotypically superior plants heads or seeds from field population, harvesting and bulking their produce together forever for sowing the next year's crop & repeat the process till desirable characters are achieved.
19.Define clonal selection.
A variations i.e propagated vegetative from a single plant is called clone or progeny of a single plant obtained by asexual reproduction is known as clone or all the vegetative progenies of a single plant are called clone .
20.Define pureline selection.
It can be defined as the process of isolating a desirable homozygous individual from the mixed population and multiplying the same to releases a New variety.
Unit5
21.Wrire about DNA markers .
It is a small sequence of known DNA.i.e enclosed in a molecular biology and biotechnology to identify the sequence of genome in a pool of unknown DNA.
22.Expand the terms RFLP & RAPD.
RFLP:Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
RAPD:Rapid amplified polymorphic DNA
23.Define mutations.
In general it refers to the sudden heritable change in phenotype if an individual. In molecular terms, it is defined as permanent and relatively rare change in number or sequence of nucleotide.
24.Define mutagens.
Mutagens are the physical or chemical agents which greatly enhance the mutations. Types of mutagens are physical, chemical & biological.
25.What are the somoclonal variations?
The genetic variations found in the in vitro cultured cells are collectively referred as somoclonal variations. The plants derived from such cells are referred to as somaclones. According to the scientists calliclones and protoclones are used to represent the culture obtained from callus and protoplasm respectively.
Madam,
I hope that, Iam submitting the continuation assignment with all corrections what you said for me.
^*^*^*THANK YOU MADAM*^*^*^
P.sailaja
ReplyDeleteDz-42
Assignment continuation......,,,,,,
Unit 4
16.Mention plant breeding and it's objectives.
The phenomenon of development of new varieties of PLANT possessing desirable characters from the already existing varieties is called plant breeding.
Objectives :
1.Higher productivity
2.Improved quality and quantity
3.Disease and insect resistance
17.what is Acclimatization?
Acclimatization is the process in which an individual organisms adjusts to a change in its environmental,allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions
18.Define mass selection.
It can be defined as selection of a number of phenotypically superior plants heads or seeds from field population, harvesting and bulking their produce together forever for sowing the next year's crop & repeat the process till desirable characters are achieved.
19.Define clonal selection.
A variations i.e propagated vegetative from a single plant is called clone or progeny of a single plant obtained by asexual reproduction is known as clone or all the vegetative progenies of a single plant are called clone .
20.Define pureline selection.
It can be defined as the process of isolating a desirable homozygous individual from the mixed population and multiplying the same to releases a New variety.
Unit5
21.Wrire about DNA markers .
It is a small sequence of known DNA.i.e enclosed in a molecular biology and biotechnology to identify the sequence of genome in a pool of unknown DNA.
22.Expand the terms RFLP & RAPD.
RFLP:Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
RAPD:Rapid amplified polymorphic DNA
23.Define mutations.
In general it refers to the sudden heritable change in phenotype if an individual. In molecular terms, it is defined as permanent and relatively rare change in number or sequence of nucleotide.
24.Define mutagens.
Mutagens are the physical or chemical agents which greatly enhance the mutations. Types of mutagens are physical, chemical & biological.
25.What are the somoclonal variations?
The genetic variations found in the in vitro cultured cells are collectively referred as somoclonal variations. The plants derived from such cells are referred to as somaclones. According to the scientists calliclones and protoclones are used to represent the culture obtained from callus and protoplasm respectively.
Madam,
I hope that, Iam submitting the continuation assignment with all corrections what you said for me.
^*^*^*THANK YOU MADAM*^*^*^
Niharika DZ21 .
ReplyDeletewhat is plasmid?
It is the circular extragenetic material present in the prokaryotic CELL.
2.Define mesosomes.
Mesosome is a inwardly finger like projection from the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cell& its function is respiration. It is the unique feature of prokaryotic cell.
3.what is cell brain?
Nucleus is the cell brain because it controls all the action & carry the metabolic activity.
4.Define suicidal bags.
During the starvation lysosomes die & give food to the protoplasm & thus knownas suicidal bags.
5.what is fluid mosaic model?
The fluid mosaic model explains various observations regarding the structure of function cell membranes, According to this model there is a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules are embedded.
Unit2
6.what are the components and chemical composition of DNA?
DNA has three typesof chemical components, phosphate, a sugar called deoxyribose & four nitrogen bases i.e adenine, guanine, cytosine & thymine.Two of the bases adenine & guanine have a double ring structure characteristics of a type of chemical called a purine.
7.what are the differences between DNA & RNA?
*DNA is double stranded molecule while RNA is single stranded.
*DNA is stable under alkaline conditions while RNA is unstable.
*DNA contains sugar deoxyribose while RNA contains the sugar ribose.The only difference between ribose & deoxyribose in that ribose has one more OH group then deoxyribose which has attached to the second carbon in the ring.
8.Watson and crick?
They worked together on studying the stage DNA. The molecules that contains the hereditary information of the cells.
9.semi conservative method of replication.
It would be produced two copies that each contains one of the original strand & one New strand. Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strand together in a double helix & would produced a copy composed of two new strand containing of two New strand containing all of New DNA basepairs.
10.what is nucleoside and nucleotide?
Compounds such as (guanosine & adenosine) that containing of purine or pyramidine base combined with deoxyribose or ribose & is found especially in DNA or RNA.
Unit3
11.Define the dominant character & recessive character.
Dominant character:It is the phenomenon where the characters are expressed phenotypically both in homozygous condition & heterozygous conditions is called dominant character
Eg:Tall×dwarf-heights
Round×wrinkle-shapes
Recessive character:The character which is not expressed phenotypically in heterozygous conditions
Eg;Dwarf-height of a PLANT.
Wrinkle-shape of a PLANT.
12.Define back cross& test cross.
Back cross:if a cross is made between f1-hybrid with any one of it's parent.
Test cross:The cross between f1-hybrid with its recessive parent is called test cross.
13.What is monohybrid cross & Dihybrid cross?
Monohybrid cross:If a cross is made between two individuals differ in one character
Dihybrid cross:If a cross is made between two individuals differ in two contrasting characters
14.Explain the terms a,homozygous condition
b,heterozygous condition c,gene.
a,Homozygous condition:An organism is
having two similar or identical alleles for a single character (T,t)
b,Heterozygous condition:An individual having two different types of alleles for a single character.
C,gene:It is the unit of inheritance & contains the information required to express the characters
15.Define law of segregation.
Mendal law of segregation States that "the two individuals of a gene when present together in a heterozygous conditions, do not fuse or blent"in any way but remains distinct & segregate during meiosis or in the formation of gamets so that each meoitic product or gamete will carry only one of them.
DEAR Niharika DZ-21,
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