9)Define Nucellus and Chalaza A) Nucellus: TThe nucellus the primary function of nucellus is to supply nutrition to the embryo .Nucellus is important in the plants that reproduces sexually .its gives nutrients to the embryo and also protects it from the harsh environment outside .A small gap called Micropyle is also present . Chalaza: chalaza is the basal part of the ovule in plants,It is present opposite to the micropylar end of an ovule . nutrients from plants are transported to nucellus through chalaza , the chalazal end of cells in the embryo sac develops into three antipodal cells.
10) what is polygonum type of embryo sac A) It is eight nucleate embryo sac .this was first reported by strasburger in polygonum divaricatum and it is most common type in angiosperms .In four megaspores the three megaspores located at micropylar end degenerates and the megaspore which is located at the chalazal end is functional and develops into embryo sac. this is also calleda as monosporic type of embryo sac.
11) what is tetrasporic embryosac and mention the example A) In this type the embryo sac develos fom all the four megaspore nuclei during the megasporogenesis the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis without wall formation Ex: peperomia
12) what is endospperm and mention the types A)In the angiosperms one of the male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus results in formation of PEN.the pen forms endosperm , A highly nutritive tissue which is triploid(3n) .there are 3 types of Endosperms based on their development they are (A)Nuclear endospeprm (B)Cellular endosperm (c)Helobial endosperm 13)what is ruminate endosperm A)Endosperm which is irregularly ridged and furrowed is called ruminate endosperm .Ruminate endosperm is reported in about 32 families Eg:Annonaceae,Aristalochiaceae,palmae,rubiaceae,vitaceae. Rumination is caused by the activity of the seed coat of the endosperm .
14)define embryo and what are the parts of the Dicot embryo A) Embryo : A plant embryo is a n undeveloped plalnt inside a seed Dicot embryo: seed having dicot means two cotyledons Parts of the dicot embryo: Plumle,cotyledons,hypocotyl,radical and root cap.
15) Histogen theory A) histogen theory is developed by Hanstein in 1868,1870. the main body of the plant arises from the histogens .Histogen theory is more suitable to explain root apex . Dermatogen - the precursor of the epidermis Periblem - gives rise to the cortex Plerome - constitutes the inner mass of the apex
-Submitting my assignment regarding Embryology and Anatomy.
1)Define embryology. Who is the father of Indian embryology? A) Embryology:- It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of prenatal development of gametes, fertilization of the gametes(male and female) and the development of embryo further leading to development of foetus. -Panchanan Maheshwari is the father of Indian embryologist.
2)Define double fertilization and triple fertilisation? A. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete and the other fuses with the secondary nucleus. As two male gametes take part and fertilization and fertilization takes place twice, this process is called double fertilization. Since three gametes are involved it is called triple fusion.
3)What is megaspore and microspore. A. Microspores: Microspore are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas Megaspote: megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.
4)What is Tapetum? A. Tapetum is the innermost layer of cells found in the anther. It plays a role in providing nutrition for the microspores present in the anther. It is also known to contribute to the synthesis of sporopollenin, which is the material required for pollen grain wall formation.
5)What is Endothecium? mention it function? A. Role of endothecium : Microsporangium generally surrounded by wall layers like epidermis endothecium 2 or 3 middle layers and the tapetum. Endothecium performs the function of protection and helps in dehiscence of another to release the pollen.
6)What is Megasporangium.Mention the types. A. Megasporangium is the structure of a plant body which contains female reproductive organ . It can be called ovule. - Mature megasporangium can be classified under 5 types : Orthotropous or atropous Anatropous Camphylotropous Amphitropous Hemianatropous
7)What is embryo sac? A. Embryo sac : The female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of a thin-walled sac within the nucellus that contains the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise to endosperm on fertilization.
8)Define Nucellus and Chalaza? A. A. Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac. Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
9)What is polygonum type of embryosac? A. The normal or polygonum type of embryo sac is a monosporic eight nucleate. The embryo sac develops from the chalazal megaspore. Its nucleus divides thrice to form eight nuclei. This type is known as normal or polygonum type (first time described in polygonum divaricatum by Starsburger) of embryo sac.
10)What is tetrasporic type of embryosac and mention the example? A.Tetrasporic development occurs when neither meiotic division is followed by cytokinesis. As a result, the megaspore tetrad consists of four nuclei in a shared cytoplasm. -it is 9 celled 16 nucleated Eg: Peparemia
Good afternoon ma'am, This is NB05 submitting my assignment.
1Define embryology? A.Embryology is a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development. Embryology is the study of micro and mega sporogenesis, gametophyte development, fertilization development of endosperm, embryo and seed coats. embryological evidence has been used in solving the taxonomical problems at almost all levels.
2.Who is the father of indian embryology? A.Dr.Panchanan Maheshwari is the Father of Indian Plant Embryology. he was an eminent botanist specialising in plant embryology, morphology and anatomy, plant physiology and biochemistry. He was one of the leading plant biologists who established the technique of test-tube fertilization of angiosperms.
3.Define double fertilization and triple fertilization? A.DOUBLE FERTILIZATION: Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants . This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac with two male gametes (sperm). TRIPLE FERTILIZATION: Fusion of male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus/central cell to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus is called as triple fusion as it involves three nuceli. It takes place in embryo sac during double fertilization. Two polar nuclei and male gamete are involved in it.
4.Define megaspore and microspore? A.MEGASPORE: Megaspores are the larger of two spores produced by heterosporous plants. During female gametophyte development, a single archesporial cell enlarges and differentiates into a megaspore mother cell, which then undergoes meiosis to give rise to four megaspores. MICROSPORE: Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.
5.What is tapetum? A.Tapetum is the innermost cell layer in the anther, which surrounds the developing pollen mother cells (PMCs) and/or microspores supplying nutrition and enzymes required for microsporogenesis and pollen maturation.
6.What is endothecium and mention its functions? A.The cell layer lining the lumen of the anther is called endothecium. It secretes materials that aid in the development of pollen grains.Microsporangium.Endothecium performs the function of protection and helps in dehiscence of another to release the pollen.
7.Define megasporangium and state its types? A. Megasporangia is female sporangia that generate megasporocytes (megameiocytes), which give rise to megaspores. Sporangia can be carried in a variety of structures, including sori in ferns, cones etc. Mature megasporangium can be classified under 5 types . 1.Orthotropous or atropous. 2.Anatropous. 3.Camphylotropous. 4.Amphitropous. 5.Hemianatropous
.8.What is embryo sac? A. the female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of a thin-walled sac within the nucellus that contains the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise to endosperm on fertilization.
9.Define nucellus and chalaza? A.NUCELLUS: the central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female gametophyte The nucellus' primary function is to supply nutrition to the embryo. Nucellus is important in plants that reproduce sexually. It gives nutrients to the embryo and also protects it from the harsh environment outside. CHALAZA: Chalaza is the basal part of the ovule in plants, where nucellus and integuments join. It is present opposite to the micropylar end of an ovule. Nutrients from plants are transported to nucellus through chalaza.
10.What is polygonal type of embryo sac? a.The normal or polygonum type of embryo sac is a monosporic eight nucleate. The embryo sac develops from the chalazal megaspore. Its nucleus divides thrice to form eight nuclei. This type is known as normal or polygonum type of embryo sac.
DB:29 Remaining questions , 6) Mention the required infrastructure for Mushroom Cultivation Unit. 7) A) A room, Mushroom Racks & Compost Beds, Ventilators, Electricity, Culture Room (with Autoclave, Hot air oven, Laminar air flow, Incubator, Refrigerator and all types of glasswares) Soil, Chemicals, Harvesting tools, Polythene bags, Steelwares, Water drum, Gunny bags etc. are the requirements for mushroom cultivation unit. 7) Define compost and composting ? 8) A) • Compost : It is the substrate, which is used for the cultivation of mushrooms. It is also defined as the substrate in which the mushroom mycelium grows and on which it produces fruit bodies. 9) • Composting : It is the process which involves in the mixing of various components of compost such as wheat or paddy straw, chemicals, organic and inorganic fertilizers in a fixed proportion. 8) Define Spawn and Spawning ? 9) A) • Spawn : The seed of mushroom, a strain that already has mycelium growing on it is known as Spawn. 10) • Spawning : The process of mixing of spawn or seeds of mushroom with the compost is called spawning. 9) What is pure culture. Mention the required conditions for the maintenance of pure culture? 10) A) • The process of growing of selected strains on the surface of the medium under controlled conditions is called pure culture. 11) • Pure culture can be maintained under favourable conditions such as 25±2° C temperature, 15 lbs pressure and dark conditions. 10) What is casing ? Why it is required ? 11) A) • The process of covering the top of mushroom beds after the completion of spawn run with the help of sterilized soil mixture is known as casing. 12) • Casing is necessary because : 13) i. Casing soil is a nutrient deficient medium, which helps in converting the vegetative phase into fruiting. 14) ii. Fruit bodies are formed in abundance and thus production is economical. 15) iii. It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
DB:29 16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples. 17) A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds. 17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms. 18) A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms. 19) • Management of Post Harvesting. 20) • Management of marketing. 21) • Management of spent substrate and waste disposal. 22) • Disease Management
Good Evening Mam. This is Shanmukha DB-05. I'm presenting my Mushroom Cultivation Assignment with remaining 8 questions. 10) What is casing ? Why it is required ? A) • The process of covering the top of mushroom beds after the completion of spawn run with the help of sterilized soil mixture is known as casing. • Casing is necessary because : i. Casing soil is a nutrient deficient medium, which helps in converting the vegetative phase into fruiting. ii. Fruit bodies are formed in abundance and thus production is economical. iii. It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
11) Mention the steps involved in the cultivation of paddy straw mushroom. A) 1. Selection of substrate 2. Compost and composting 3. Spawning 4. Casing 5. Cropping 6. Problems of pest and disease management in the cultivation. 7. Harvesting and cleaning 8. Packing and labelling 9. Marketing
12) Define Shelf life, processing and canning. A) • Shelf life : It is defined as the maximum period of time for which the mushrooms remains its freshness, sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological properties when stored under pre-determined conditions. • Processing : The process of preparation of mushroom products by a special method is called processing. • Canning : The method of preserving the food materials from spoilage by storing them in containers like cans that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. Canning extends the life of foods by stopping the natural process of deterioration in food caused by micro-organisms.
13) What is the meaning of Value added products and mention any two types of value added products. A) • The products which have been modified or enhanced to additional qualities for the usage and raise the overall value of products are known as Value added products. • Following are the value added products of mushrooms : 1. Mushroom murabba 2. Mushroom curry 3. Mushroom soup powder 4. Mushroom biscuits 5. Mushroom ketchup 6. Mushroom candy 7. Mushroom chips 8. Mushroom pickle
14) How to use Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) ? A) Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) is used as soil like material after a crop of mushroom. It is used for the crop production, Food for animals, Pest Management and Bioremediation.
15) Mention any two pests, which causes the diseases in mushrooms. A) Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc. are the pests that cause the diseases in mushrooms.
16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples. A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms. A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms. • Management of Post Harvesting. • Management of marketing. • Management of spent substrate and waste disposal. • Disease Management
1. What are mushrooms?Mention the mode of nutrition in mushrooms. A. Mushroom is Greek word called "Mykes". It belongs to the class Basidiomycotina. They are heterotrophs because they lack chlorophyll. They are heterotrophic in nutrition.
2. Mention any three differences between edible and poisonous mushrooms. A. Edible Mushrooms : • Edible mushrooms are fair in colour. • These have good fragrance. • They tastes sweet. Eg : Vovorella volvacea. Poisonous Mushrooms : • Poisonous mushrooms are darkly coloured. • These have bad odour. • Presence of sacs in poisonous mushroom. Eg : Ganoderma lucidium.
3. What is dikaryotization? A. Monokaryotic nuclei converts into dikaryotic nuclei and is called as Dikaryotization.
4. Write the scientific names of any four edible mushrooms. A. • Agaricus bisporous • Pluerotus sajor caju • Calocybe indica • Vovorella volvacea
5. Write the medicinal value of any two mushrooms. A. Ganoderma lucidium: • It is unique with its anti-cancer properties, pharmaceutical value rather than nutritional value is paramount. Pluerotus pulmonaris: • They control the blood glucose levels,modulations of immune system.
11. Mention the steps involved for the cultivation of paddy straw mushroom. A. • Raw material • Cutting the compost • Spawning • Casing • Cropping • Problems in cultivation • Harvesting • Packing • Marketing
12. Define shelf life, processing, canning. A. Shelf life : The period of time during which the mushrooms are stored and are the used is called as shelf life. Processing : The process of preservation of mushrooms for a longer period under conditions is called as Processing. Canning : The processed mushrooms are packed in cans and are sterilised with heat and cooled is called as Canning.
13. What is the meaning of value added products and mention any two types of value added products. A. • Value added products are raw materials that have been modified to have a higher market value. • Mushroom curry • Mushroom chips
14. How to use spent mushroom substrates? A. The spent mushroom substrates can be used as follows. • Crop production • Partial replacement of straw • Casing material for Agaricus bisporous. • Pest management • Bio remediation
15. Mention any two pests which cause disease in mushrooms A. Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc.
Good Morning Mam This is Dharshan DB-11 Here is my Mushroom Cultivation Assignment 1. What are mushrooms?Mention the mode of nutrition in mushrooms. A. Mushroom is Greek word called "Mykes". It belongs to the class Basidiomycotina. They are heterotrophs because they lack chlorophyll. They are heterotrophic in nutrition.
2. Mention any three differences between edible and poisonous mushrooms. A. Edible Mushrooms : • Edible mushrooms are fair in colour. • These have good fragrance. • They tastes sweet. Eg : Vovorella volvacea. Poisonous Mushrooms : • Poisonous mushrooms are darkly coloured. • These have bad odour. • Presence of sacs in poisonous mushroom. Eg : Ganoderma lucidium.
3. What is dikaryotization? A. Monokaryotic nuclei converts into dikaryotic nuclei and is called as Dikaryotization.
4. Write the scientific names of any four edible mushrooms. A. • Agaricus bisporous • Pluerotus sajor caju • Calocybe indica • Vovorella volvacea
5. Write the medicinal value of any two mushrooms. A. Ganoderma lucidium: • It is unique with its anti-cancer properties, pharmaceutical value rather than nutritional value is paramount. Pluerotus pulmonaris: • They control the blood glucose levels,modulations of immune system. 6. Mention the required infrastructure for mushroom cultivation unit. A. Compost beds, Racks, Chemicals, Electricity, Water availability, Drums, Gunny bags etc.
7. Define compost and composting. A. Compost : The compost is the substrate in which the mycelium grows and on which it produces fruit bodies. Composting : The process of cutting of compost and making it sterile by using chemicals and water and making compost beds for mushroom cultivation is called as composting.
8. Define spawn and spawning. A. Spawn : The propagating or the seed material used by the mushroom growers for compost beds is called as spawn. Spawning : The process of spreading of the Spawning the compost beds is called as Spawning.
9. Define pure culture. Mention required conditions for pure culture maintenance. A. Pure culture : The process of growing of selected strains under controlled conditions is called as pure culture. In order to maintain pure culture we require a culture room under sterilised conditions with the equipment like laminar air flow chamber, autoclave,incubator and the chemicals for the culture preparation.
10. What is casing? Why it is required? A. Casing : The process of spreading of the sterile soil on the two halved compost beds after 21 days of spawning is called as casing. • Casing soil helps in converting the vegetative mycelium into dikaryotic mycelium. • Fruiting bodies are produced in abundance. • It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
DB-22 6. Problems of pest and disease management in the cultivation. 7. Harvesting and cleaning 8. Packing and labelling 9. Marketing
12) Define Shelf life, processing and canning. A) • Shelf life : It is defined as the maximum period of time for which the mushrooms remains its freshness, sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological properties when stored under pre-determined conditions. • Processing : The process of preparation of mushroom products by a special method is called processing. • Canning : The method of preserving the food materials from spoilage by storing them in containers like cans that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. Canning extends the life of foods by stopping the natural process of deterioration in food caused by micro-organisms.
13) What is the meaning of Value added products and mention any two types of value added products. A) • The products which have been modified or enhanced to additional qualities for the usage and raise the overall value of products are known as Value added products. • Following are the value added products of mushrooms : 1. Mushroom murabba 2. Mushroom curry 3. Mushroom soup powder 4. Mushroom biscuits 5. Mushroom ketchup 6. Mushroom candy 7. Mushroom chips 8. Mushroom pickle
14) How to use Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) ? A) Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) is used as soil like material after a crop of mushroom. It is used for the crop production, Food for animals, Pest Management and Bioremediation.
15) Mention any two pests, which causes the diseases in mushrooms. A) Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc. are the pests that cause the diseases in mushrooms.
16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples. A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms. A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms. • Management of Post Harvesting. • Management of marketing. • Management of spent substrate and waste disposal. • Disease Management
Good Evening Mam. This is Akhilesh DB-13. I'm presenting my Mushroom Cultivation Assignment with remaining 8 questions mam. 10) What is casing ? Why it is required ? A) • The process of covering the top of mushroom beds after the completion of spawn run with the help of sterilized soil mixture is known as casing. • Casing is necessary because : i. Casing soil is a nutrient deficient medium, which helps in converting the vegetative phase into fruiting. ii. Fruit bodies are formed in abundance and thus production is economical. iii. It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
11) Mention the steps involved in the cultivation of paddy straw mushroom. A) 1. Selection of substrate 2. Compost and composting 3. Spawning 4. Casing 5. Cropping 6. Problems of pest and disease management in the cultivation. 7. Harvesting and cleaning 8. Packing and labelling 9. Marketing
12) Define Shelf life, processing and canning. A) • Shelf life : It is defined as the maximum period of time for which the mushrooms remains its freshness, sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological properties when stored under pre-determined conditions. • Processing : The process of preparation of mushroom products by a special method is called processing. • Canning : The method of preserving the food materials from spoilage by storing them in containers like cans that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. Canning extends the life of foods by stopping the natural process of deterioration in food caused by micro-organisms.
13) What is the meaning of Value added products and mention any two types of value added products. A) • The products which have been modified or enhanced to additional qualities for the usage and raise the overall value of products are known as Value added products. • Following are the value added products of mushrooms : 1. Mushroom murabba 2. Mushroom curry 3. Mushroom soup powder 4. Mushroom biscuits 5. Mushroom ketchup 6. Mushroom candy 7. Mushroom chips 8. Mushroom pickle
14) How to use Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) ? A) Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) is used as soil like material after a crop of mushroom. It is used for the crop production, Food for animals, Pest Management and Bioremediation.
15) Mention any two pests, which causes the diseases in mushrooms. A) Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc. are the pests that cause the diseases in mushrooms.
16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples. A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms. A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms. • Management of Post Harvesting. • Management of marketing. • Management of spent substrate and waste disposal. • Disease Management
Good afternoon mam. This is D. Vamshi - DB-03. I am submitting my assignment here.
1) What are mushrooms ? Mention the mode of nutrition in mushrooms. A) • Mushrooms are heterotrophic spore bearing fungal fruit bodies typically produced above the ground or soil. It is umbrella shaped and consists of Cap, Stipe and Rhizomorph. • Saprophytic is the mode of nutrition in mushrooms i e. dead and decaying organic matter is used as food material for their growth.
GOOD AFTERNOON STUDENTS
ReplyDeleteSUBMIT YOUR ASSIGNMENTS HERE
ReplyDelete
ReplyDelete9)Define Nucellus and Chalaza
A) Nucellus: TThe nucellus the primary function of nucellus is to supply nutrition to the embryo .Nucellus is important in the plants that reproduces sexually .its gives nutrients to the embryo and also protects it from the harsh environment outside .A small gap called Micropyle is also present .
Chalaza: chalaza is the basal part of the ovule in plants,It is present opposite to the micropylar end of an ovule . nutrients from plants are transported to nucellus through chalaza , the chalazal end of cells in the embryo sac develops into three antipodal cells.
10) what is polygonum type of embryo sac
A) It is eight nucleate embryo sac .this was first reported by strasburger in polygonum divaricatum and it is most common type in angiosperms .In four megaspores the three megaspores located at micropylar end degenerates and the megaspore which is located at the chalazal end is functional and develops into embryo sac. this is also calleda as monosporic type of embryo sac.
11) what is tetrasporic embryosac and mention the example
A) In this type the embryo sac develos fom all the four megaspore nuclei during the megasporogenesis the megaspore mother cell undergoes meiosis without wall formation Ex: peperomia
12) what is endospperm and mention the types
A)In the angiosperms one of the male gamete fuses with the diploid secondary nucleus results in formation of PEN.the pen forms endosperm , A highly nutritive tissue which is triploid(3n) .there are 3 types of Endosperms based on their development they are (A)Nuclear endospeprm
(B)Cellular endosperm
(c)Helobial endosperm
13)what is ruminate endosperm
A)Endosperm which is irregularly ridged and furrowed is called ruminate endosperm .Ruminate endosperm is reported in about 32 families Eg:Annonaceae,Aristalochiaceae,palmae,rubiaceae,vitaceae. Rumination is caused by the activity of the seed coat of the endosperm .
14)define embryo and what are the parts of the Dicot embryo
A) Embryo : A plant embryo is a n undeveloped plalnt inside a seed
Dicot embryo: seed having dicot means two cotyledons
Parts of the dicot embryo: Plumle,cotyledons,hypocotyl,radical and root cap.
15) Histogen theory
A) histogen theory is developed by Hanstein in 1868,1870. the main body of the plant arises from the histogens .Histogen theory is more suitable to explain root apex . Dermatogen - the precursor of the epidermis
Periblem - gives rise to the cortex
Plerome - constitutes the inner mass of the apex
Good evening mam
ReplyDeleteGood Morning madam,This is B.Tarun from NZ-23
ReplyDelete-Submitting my assignment regarding Embryology and Anatomy.
1)Define embryology. Who is the father of Indian embryology?
A) Embryology:- It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of prenatal development of gametes, fertilization of the gametes(male and female) and the development of embryo further leading to development of foetus. -Panchanan Maheshwari is the father of Indian embryologist.
2)Define double fertilization and triple fertilisation?
A. One male gamete fuses with the female gamete and the other fuses with the secondary nucleus. As two male gametes take part and fertilization and fertilization takes place twice, this process is called double fertilization. Since three gametes are involved it is called triple fusion.
3)What is megaspore and microspore.
A. Microspores: Microspore are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes, whereas Megaspote: megaspores develop into female gametophytes. The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg cell to form a zygote.
4)What is Tapetum?
A. Tapetum is the innermost layer of cells found in the anther. It plays a role in providing nutrition for the microspores present in the anther. It is also known to contribute to the synthesis of sporopollenin, which is the material required for pollen grain wall formation.
5)What is Endothecium? mention it function?
A. Role of endothecium : Microsporangium generally surrounded by wall layers like epidermis endothecium 2 or 3 middle layers and the tapetum. Endothecium performs the function of protection and helps in dehiscence of another to release the pollen.
6)What is Megasporangium.Mention the types.
A. Megasporangium is the structure of a plant body which contains female reproductive organ . It can be called ovule. - Mature megasporangium can be classified under 5 types :
Orthotropous or atropous
Anatropous
Camphylotropous
Amphitropous
Hemianatropous
7)What is embryo sac?
A. Embryo sac : The female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of a thin-walled sac within the nucellus that contains the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise to endosperm on fertilization.
8)Define Nucellus and Chalaza?
A. A. Nucellus is a nutritive tissue which provides nourishment to the developing embryo sac.
Above to the funicle and below to the embryo sac, we can see the basal portion of embryo called Chalaza.
9)What is polygonum type of embryosac?
A. The normal or polygonum type of embryo sac is a monosporic eight nucleate. The embryo sac develops from the chalazal megaspore. Its nucleus divides thrice to form eight nuclei. This type is known as normal or polygonum type (first time described in polygonum divaricatum by Starsburger) of embryo sac.
10)What is tetrasporic type of embryosac and mention the example? A.Tetrasporic development occurs when neither meiotic division is followed by cytokinesis. As a result, the megaspore tetrad consists of four nuclei in a shared cytoplasm. -it is 9 celled 16 nucleated
Eg: Peparemia
Good morning mam.
ReplyDeleteGood afternoon ma'am,
ReplyDeleteThis is NB05 submitting my assignment.
1Define embryology?
A.Embryology is a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development.
Embryology is the study of micro and mega sporogenesis, gametophyte development, fertilization development of endosperm, embryo and seed coats. embryological evidence has been used in solving the taxonomical problems at almost all levels.
2.Who is the father of indian embryology?
A.Dr.Panchanan Maheshwari is the Father of Indian Plant Embryology.
he was an eminent botanist specialising in plant embryology, morphology and anatomy, plant physiology and biochemistry. He was one of the leading plant biologists who established the technique of test-tube fertilization of angiosperms.
3.Define double fertilization and triple fertilization?
A.DOUBLE FERTILIZATION:
Double fertilization is a complex fertilization mechanism of flowering plants . This process involves the joining of a female gametophyte megagametophyte, also called the embryo sac with two male gametes (sperm).
TRIPLE FERTILIZATION:
Fusion of male gamete with diploid secondary nucleus/central cell to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus is called as triple fusion as it involves three nuceli. It takes place in embryo sac during double fertilization. Two polar nuclei and male gamete are involved in it.
4.Define megaspore and microspore?
A.MEGASPORE:
Megaspores are the larger of two spores produced by heterosporous plants.
During female gametophyte development, a single archesporial cell enlarges and differentiates into a megaspore mother cell, which then undergoes meiosis to give rise to four megaspores.
MICROSPORE:
Microspores are land plant spores that develop into male gametophytes.
The male gametophyte gives rise to sperm cells, which are used for fertilization of an egg
cell to form a zygote.
5.What is tapetum?
A.Tapetum is the innermost cell layer in the anther, which surrounds the developing pollen mother cells (PMCs) and/or microspores supplying nutrition and enzymes required for microsporogenesis and pollen maturation.
6.What is endothecium and mention its functions?
A.The cell layer lining the lumen of the anther is called endothecium. It secretes materials that aid in the development of pollen grains.Microsporangium.Endothecium performs the function of protection and helps in dehiscence of another to release the pollen.
7.Define megasporangium and state its types?
A. Megasporangia is female sporangia that generate megasporocytes (megameiocytes), which give rise to megaspores. Sporangia can be carried in a variety of structures, including sori in ferns, cones etc.
Mature megasporangium can be classified under 5 types .
1.Orthotropous or atropous.
2.Anatropous.
3.Camphylotropous.
4.Amphitropous.
5.Hemianatropous
.8.What is embryo sac?
A. the female gametophyte of a seed plant consisting of a thin-walled sac within the nucellus that contains the egg nucleus and other nuclei which give rise to endosperm on fertilization.
9.Define nucellus and chalaza?
A.NUCELLUS:
the central and chief part of a plant ovule that encloses the female gametophyte
The nucellus' primary function is to supply nutrition to the embryo. Nucellus is important
in plants that reproduce sexually. It gives nutrients to the embryo and also protects it
from the harsh environment outside.
CHALAZA:
Chalaza is the basal part of the ovule in plants, where nucellus and integuments join. It is present opposite to the micropylar end of an ovule. Nutrients from plants are transported to nucellus through chalaza.
10.What is polygonal type of embryo sac?
a.The normal or polygonum type of embryo sac is a monosporic eight nucleate. The embryo sac develops from the chalazal megaspore. Its nucleus divides thrice to form eight nuclei. This type is known as normal or polygonum type of embryo sac.
DEAR STUDENTS SUBMIT YOUR MUSHROOM CULTIVATION ASSIGNMENT ON OR BEFORE 20TH OF THIS MONTH.
ReplyDeleteDB:29 Remaining questions ,
Delete6) Mention the required infrastructure for Mushroom Cultivation Unit.
7) A) A room, Mushroom Racks & Compost Beds, Ventilators, Electricity, Culture Room (with Autoclave, Hot air oven, Laminar air flow, Incubator, Refrigerator and all types of glasswares) Soil, Chemicals, Harvesting tools, Polythene bags, Steelwares, Water drum, Gunny bags etc. are the requirements for mushroom cultivation unit.
7) Define compost and composting ?
8) A) • Compost : It is the substrate, which is used for the cultivation of mushrooms. It is also defined as the substrate in which the mushroom mycelium grows and on which it produces fruit bodies.
9) • Composting : It is the process which involves in the mixing of various components of compost such as wheat or paddy straw, chemicals, organic and inorganic fertilizers in a fixed proportion.
8) Define Spawn and Spawning ?
9) A) • Spawn : The seed of mushroom, a strain that already has mycelium growing on it is known as Spawn.
10) • Spawning : The process of mixing of spawn or seeds of mushroom with the compost is called spawning.
9) What is pure culture. Mention the required conditions for the maintenance of pure culture?
10) A) • The process of growing of selected strains on the surface of the medium under controlled conditions is called pure culture.
11) • Pure culture can be maintained under favourable conditions such as 25±2° C temperature, 15 lbs pressure and dark conditions.
10) What is casing ? Why it is required ?
11) A) • The process of covering the top of mushroom beds after the completion of spawn run with the help of sterilized soil mixture is known as casing.
12) • Casing is necessary because :
13) i. Casing soil is a nutrient deficient medium, which helps in converting the vegetative phase into fruiting.
14) ii. Fruit bodies are formed in abundance and thus production is economical.
15) iii. It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
DB:29
Delete16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples.
17) A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms.
18) A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms.
19) • Management of Post Harvesting.
20) • Management of marketing.
21) • Management of spent substrate and waste disposal.
22) • Disease Management
Good Evening Mam. This is Shanmukha DB-05. I'm presenting my Mushroom Cultivation Assignment with remaining 8 questions.
Delete10) What is casing ? Why it is required ?
A) • The process of covering the top of mushroom beds after the completion of spawn run with the help of sterilized soil mixture is known as casing.
• Casing is necessary because :
i. Casing soil is a nutrient deficient medium, which helps in converting the vegetative phase into fruiting.
ii. Fruit bodies are formed in abundance and thus production is economical.
iii. It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
11) Mention the steps involved in the cultivation of paddy straw mushroom.
A) 1. Selection of substrate
2. Compost and composting
3. Spawning
4. Casing
5. Cropping
6. Problems of pest and disease management in the cultivation.
7. Harvesting and cleaning
8. Packing and labelling
9. Marketing
12) Define Shelf life, processing and canning.
A) • Shelf life : It is defined as the maximum period of time for which the mushrooms remains its freshness, sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological properties when stored under pre-determined conditions.
• Processing : The process of preparation of mushroom products by a special method is called processing.
• Canning : The method of preserving the food materials from spoilage by storing them in containers like cans that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. Canning extends the life of foods by stopping the natural process of deterioration in food caused by micro-organisms.
13) What is the meaning of Value added products and mention any two types of value added products.
A) • The products which have been modified or enhanced to additional qualities for the usage and raise the overall value of products are known as Value added products.
• Following are the value added products of mushrooms :
1. Mushroom murabba
2. Mushroom curry
3. Mushroom soup powder
4. Mushroom biscuits
5. Mushroom ketchup
6. Mushroom candy
7. Mushroom chips
8. Mushroom pickle
14) How to use Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) ?
A) Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) is used as soil like material after a crop of mushroom. It is used for the crop production, Food for animals, Pest Management and Bioremediation.
15) Mention any two pests, which causes the diseases in mushrooms.
A) Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc. are the pests that cause the diseases in mushrooms.
16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples.
A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms.
A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms.
• Management of Post Harvesting.
• Management of marketing.
• Management of spent substrate and waste disposal.
• Disease Management
1. What are mushrooms?Mention the mode of nutrition in mushrooms.
ReplyDeleteA. Mushroom is Greek word called "Mykes". It belongs to the class Basidiomycotina. They are heterotrophs because they lack chlorophyll. They are heterotrophic in nutrition.
2. Mention any three differences between edible and poisonous mushrooms.
A. Edible Mushrooms :
• Edible mushrooms are fair in colour.
• These have good fragrance.
• They tastes sweet.
Eg : Vovorella volvacea.
Poisonous Mushrooms :
• Poisonous mushrooms are darkly coloured.
• These have bad odour.
• Presence of sacs in poisonous mushroom.
Eg : Ganoderma lucidium.
3. What is dikaryotization?
A. Monokaryotic nuclei converts into dikaryotic nuclei and is called as Dikaryotization.
4. Write the scientific names of any four edible mushrooms.
A. • Agaricus bisporous
• Pluerotus sajor caju
• Calocybe indica
• Vovorella volvacea
5. Write the medicinal value of any two mushrooms.
A. Ganoderma lucidium:
• It is unique with its anti-cancer properties, pharmaceutical value rather than nutritional value is paramount.
Pluerotus pulmonaris:
• They control the blood glucose levels,modulations of immune system.
11. Mention the steps involved for the cultivation of paddy straw mushroom.
ReplyDeleteA. • Raw material
• Cutting the compost
• Spawning
• Casing
• Cropping
• Problems in cultivation
• Harvesting
• Packing
• Marketing
12. Define shelf life, processing, canning.
A. Shelf life : The period of time during which the mushrooms are stored and are the used is called as shelf life.
Processing : The process of preservation of mushrooms for a longer period under conditions is called as Processing.
Canning : The processed mushrooms are packed in cans and are sterilised with heat and cooled is called as Canning.
13. What is the meaning of value added products and mention any two types of value added products.
A. • Value added products are raw materials that have been modified to have a higher market value.
• Mushroom curry
• Mushroom chips
14. How to use spent mushroom substrates?
A. The spent mushroom substrates can be used as follows.
• Crop production
• Partial replacement of straw
• Casing material for Agaricus bisporous.
• Pest management
• Bio remediation
15. Mention any two pests which cause disease in mushrooms
A. Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc.
Good Morning Mam
ReplyDeleteThis is Dharshan DB-11
Here is my Mushroom Cultivation Assignment
1. What are mushrooms?Mention the mode of nutrition in mushrooms.
A. Mushroom is Greek word called "Mykes". It belongs to the class Basidiomycotina. They are heterotrophs because they lack chlorophyll. They are heterotrophic in nutrition.
2. Mention any three differences between edible and poisonous mushrooms.
A. Edible Mushrooms :
• Edible mushrooms are fair in colour.
• These have good fragrance.
• They tastes sweet.
Eg : Vovorella volvacea.
Poisonous Mushrooms :
• Poisonous mushrooms are darkly coloured.
• These have bad odour.
• Presence of sacs in poisonous mushroom.
Eg : Ganoderma lucidium.
3. What is dikaryotization?
A. Monokaryotic nuclei converts into dikaryotic nuclei and is called as Dikaryotization.
4. Write the scientific names of any four edible mushrooms.
A. • Agaricus bisporous
• Pluerotus sajor caju
• Calocybe indica
• Vovorella volvacea
5. Write the medicinal value of any two mushrooms.
A. Ganoderma lucidium:
• It is unique with its anti-cancer properties, pharmaceutical value rather than nutritional value is paramount.
Pluerotus pulmonaris:
• They control the blood glucose levels,modulations of immune system.
6. Mention the required infrastructure for mushroom cultivation unit.
A. Compost beds, Racks, Chemicals, Electricity, Water availability, Drums, Gunny bags etc.
7. Define compost and composting.
A. Compost : The compost is the substrate in which the mycelium grows and on which it produces fruit bodies.
Composting : The process of cutting of compost and making it
sterile by using chemicals and water and making compost beds for mushroom cultivation is called as composting.
8. Define spawn and spawning.
A. Spawn : The propagating or the seed material used by the mushroom growers for compost beds is called as spawn.
Spawning : The process of spreading of the Spawning the compost beds is called as Spawning.
9. Define pure culture. Mention required conditions for pure culture maintenance.
A. Pure culture : The process of growing of selected strains under controlled conditions is called as pure culture.
In order to maintain pure culture we require a culture room under sterilised conditions with the equipment like laminar air flow chamber, autoclave,incubator and the chemicals for the culture preparation.
10. What is casing? Why it is required?
A. Casing : The process of spreading of the sterile soil on the two halved compost beds after 21 days of spawning is called as casing.
• Casing soil helps in converting the vegetative mycelium into dikaryotic mycelium.
• Fruiting bodies are produced in abundance.
• It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
DB-22
ReplyDelete6. Problems of pest and disease management in the cultivation.
7. Harvesting and cleaning
8. Packing and labelling
9. Marketing
12) Define Shelf life, processing and canning.
A) • Shelf life : It is defined as the maximum period of time for which the mushrooms remains its freshness, sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological properties when stored under pre-determined conditions.
• Processing : The process of preparation of mushroom products by a special method is called processing.
• Canning : The method of preserving the food materials from spoilage by storing them in containers like cans that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. Canning extends the life of foods by stopping the natural process of deterioration in food caused by micro-organisms.
13) What is the meaning of Value added products and mention any two types of value added products.
A) • The products which have been modified or enhanced to additional qualities for the usage and raise the overall value of products are known as Value added products.
• Following are the value added products of mushrooms :
1. Mushroom murabba
2. Mushroom curry
3. Mushroom soup powder
4. Mushroom biscuits
5. Mushroom ketchup
6. Mushroom candy
7. Mushroom chips
8. Mushroom pickle
14) How to use Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) ?
A) Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) is used as soil like material after a crop of mushroom. It is used for the crop production, Food for animals, Pest Management and Bioremediation.
15) Mention any two pests, which causes the diseases in mushrooms.
A) Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc. are the pests that cause the diseases in mushrooms.
16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples.
A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms.
A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms.
• Management of Post Harvesting.
• Management of marketing.
• Management of spent substrate and waste disposal.
• Disease Management
Good Evening Mam. This is Akhilesh DB-13. I'm presenting my Mushroom Cultivation Assignment with remaining 8 questions mam.
ReplyDelete10) What is casing ? Why it is required ?
A) • The process of covering the top of mushroom beds after the completion of spawn run with the help of sterilized soil mixture is known as casing.
• Casing is necessary because :
i. Casing soil is a nutrient deficient medium, which helps in converting the vegetative phase into fruiting.
ii. Fruit bodies are formed in abundance and thus production is economical.
iii. It helps in conserving the environment in mushroom beds.
11) Mention the steps involved in the cultivation of paddy straw mushroom.
A) 1. Selection of substrate
2. Compost and composting
3. Spawning
4. Casing
5. Cropping
6. Problems of pest and disease management in the cultivation.
7. Harvesting and cleaning
8. Packing and labelling
9. Marketing
12) Define Shelf life, processing and canning.
A) • Shelf life : It is defined as the maximum period of time for which the mushrooms remains its freshness, sensory, physical, chemical and microbiological properties when stored under pre-determined conditions.
• Processing : The process of preparation of mushroom products by a special method is called processing.
• Canning : The method of preserving the food materials from spoilage by storing them in containers like cans that are hermetically sealed and then sterilized by heat. Canning extends the life of foods by stopping the natural process of deterioration in food caused by micro-organisms.
13) What is the meaning of Value added products and mention any two types of value added products.
A) • The products which have been modified or enhanced to additional qualities for the usage and raise the overall value of products are known as Value added products.
• Following are the value added products of mushrooms :
1. Mushroom murabba
2. Mushroom curry
3. Mushroom soup powder
4. Mushroom biscuits
5. Mushroom ketchup
6. Mushroom candy
7. Mushroom chips
8. Mushroom pickle
14) How to use Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) ?
A) Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) is used as soil like material after a crop of mushroom. It is used for the crop production, Food for animals, Pest Management and Bioremediation.
15) Mention any two pests, which causes the diseases in mushrooms.
A) Flies, mites, saprophytic nematodes etc. are the pests that cause the diseases in mushrooms.
16) What are weed molds in mushroom cultivation ? Mention any two examples.
A) A plant growing out of place is known as weed. An unwanted or useless mold ( fungi) that is growing out of the place are called Weed molds.
17) Mention any four management strategies for the cultivation of mushrooms.
A) Following are the management strategies involved in the cultivation of mushrooms.
• Management of Post Harvesting.
• Management of marketing.
• Management of spent substrate and waste disposal.
• Disease Management
Good afternoon mam.
ReplyDeleteThis is D. Vamshi - DB-03.
I am submitting my assignment here.
1) What are mushrooms ? Mention the mode of nutrition in mushrooms.
A) • Mushrooms are heterotrophic spore bearing fungal fruit bodies typically produced above the ground or soil. It is umbrella shaped and consists of Cap, Stipe and Rhizomorph.
• Saprophytic is the mode of nutrition in mushrooms i e. dead and decaying organic matter is used as food material for their growth.